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  Free thiamin is unstable because of its quaternary nitrogen; in water, it is cleaved to the thiol form. For this reason, the hydrochloride and mononitrate forms are used in commerce. Thiamin hydrochloride (actually, thiamin chloride hydrochloride) is a colorless crystal that is very soluble in water (1 g/ml, thus making it a very suitable form for parenteral administration), soluble in methanol and glycerol, but practi cally insoluble in acetone, ether, chloroform, and benzene. The mononitrate form is more stable than the hydrochloride form, but it is less soluble in water. It is used in food/feed supplementation and in dry pharmaceutical preparations. Free thiamin is easily oxidized to thiamin disulfide and other derivatives, including thiochrome, a yellow biologically inactive product with strong blue fluorescence that can be used for the quantitative determination of thiamin. Its metabolically active form is thia min diphosphate, also called thiamin pyrophosphate.

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