銅

危険有害性情報のコード(GHS)

• 絵表示(GHS)

  

• 注意喚起語

  Danger

• 危険有害性情報

  H228：可燃性固体

  H410：長期的影響により水生生物に非常に強い毒性

• 注意書き

  P210：熱/火花/裸火/高温のもののような着火源から遠ざ けること。－禁煙。

  P240：容器を接地すること/アースをとること。

  P241：防爆型の電気機器/換気装置/照明機器/．．．機器を使 用すること。

  P273：環境への放出を避けること。

  P280：保護手袋/保護衣/保護眼鏡/保護面を着用するこ と。

  P370+P378：火災の場合：消火に．．．を使用すること。

銅 価格

銅 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 外観

  赤褐色の線状

• 性質

  展性、延性、加工性に富み、かつ強さがある。熱および電気の伝導率は銀に次いで大きく、それぞれ銀の93％、98％で全金属中3番目の大きさである。乾燥した空気中では安定であるが、湿った空気中に長時間放置すると、塩基性炭酸銅やその他の塩基性塩を生じて緑色の緑青(ろくしょう)を生じ、表面を覆う。熱すると暗色の酸化銅(Ⅱ)を生じ、1000℃以上に熱すると、赤紫色の酸化銅(Ⅱ)を生ずる。硝酸および熱濃硫酸によく溶け、濃硫酸に溶けるときは二酸化硫黄(いおう)を生ずる。また塩酸にも徐々に溶ける。アンモニア水とは錯塩をつくり、酢酸などの有機酸にも容易に溶ける。

• 歴史

  銅は天然にも金属として産することがあり、また鉱石の製錬法も比較的簡単な金属なので、きわめて古い時代から利用されていた。エジプト、バビロニア、アッシリアの遺跡から6000年以前のものが発掘されており、石器時代のあとでいわゆる銅器時代をつくった。その後、スズとの合金である青銅がつくられ、青銅器時代として人類文化発達の一時代を画した。中世に入って、青銅とともに教会の鐘や装飾品、さらに火薬の発明とともに大砲などに鋳造され、生産額もかなりの量になったようである。

  産業革命の時期に入ると、鉄と並んで機械用材料として大量に使われるようになった。さらに19世紀末からの電力の利用発展により、電線をはじめとする電気材料としての需要が急増し、20世紀に入って採鉱、製錬の近代化が進み、圧延機、伸線機などの加工技術も発達して近代産業における重要な地位を確立した。

  中国および日本では、古く金、銀とともに三品とよばれ、また五色(ごしき)の金(かね)（黄金(こがね)＝金、白金(しろがね)＝銀、赤金(あかがね)＝銅、黒金(くろがね)＝鉄、青金(あおがね)＝鉛）の一つであった。日本の古代遺跡からは多くの銅器、青銅器（銅剣、銅矛(どうほこ)、銅鐸(どうたく)など）が発見されているが、それらが日本で古く産出された銅によるものであるという証拠はみいだされていない。多くは中国、朝鮮などより入ってきたものが原料とされている。貨幣としての銅銭はかなり古くから中国（中国では紀元前4世紀ごろには銅貨が流通していた）より入ってきていたが、694年には鋳銭司(ちゅうせんし)が置かれたという記録もあり、さらには708年に初めて秩父(ちちぶ)地方から銅を産し、それにより和銅と改元されたという記録がある（『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』）。［中原勝儼］

• 命名の由来

  古く地中海のキプロス島から産出したので、ローマ人は銅のことをaes Cyprium（キプロス島の金属）と称したが、これからのち、ラテン語でcuprumとよぶようになった。ヨーロッパの各国語の多くは、これから生じたものと考えられる。またギリシア語の銅を意味するkalkosは古くから冶金(やきん)などが盛んに行われていたエウボイア島の主要都市カルキスChalcisに由来するものといわれている。漢字の銅は赤い金(かね)を意味するといわれる。

• 存在

  主として硫化物、酸化物、または炭酸塩となって産出する。銅鉱物は150種以上が知られているが、黄銅鉱、斑銅鉱(はんどうこう)、輝銅鉱、赤銅鉱、くじゃく石（孔雀石）、藍銅鉱(らんどうこう)などが主要な鉱物である。日本では黄銅鉱が主要な原料鉱物である。秋田県北部に大規模な鉱床が発見されており、その推定埋蔵量は7500万トンとされている。まれに自然銅として産出することもある。自然銅はアメリカ・ミシガン州で大量に採掘されている。

  2011年の世界の銅鉱石生産量は約1624万トンで、主要国はチリ（約32.4％）、中国（約7.8％）、ペルー（約7.6％）、アメリカ（約7.0％）である。また電気銅の生産量は約1979万トンで、アジア（約45.8％。うち日本6.7％）、北南米（約27.9％）、ヨーロッパ（約18.7％）、消費量は約1947万トンで、アジア（約63.1％。うち日本5.2％）、ヨーロッパ（約20.8％）、北南米（約14.1％）となっている。

• 定義

  本品は、粉末の金属銅からなる着色剤である。

• 溶解性

  硝酸及び熱硫酸に溶けるが、塩酸、冷硫酸、水及び有機溶媒にほとんど溶けない。

• 主な性質

  1. 単体銅は赤い金属結晶で、美しい固有の光沢を有している
  2. 延展性に富み、やわらかく加工しやすい
  3. 電気、熱に対しては銀に次ぐ良導体である
  4. 耐食性に優れている
  5. 多様な合金があり、用途に応じて強度など幅広い特性を有する
  6. 硫化物の存在下黒い皮膜が生じる（表面を硫化着色して装飾に使われる）
  7. 炭酸イオンの存在する湿った環境では〔緑青〕が生じ、安定した耐食被膜となる

• 解説

  元素記号はCu。原子番号29，原子量63.546。融点1084.62℃，沸点2571℃。金属元素の一つ。天然に自然銅としても産し，また製錬法も比較的簡単なため最も古くから知られてきた金属で，石器時代に次いで青銅器時代をつくった。日本では，《続日本紀》に698年銅鉱献上の条があり，708年武蔵国秩父郡から和銅が献上されたとある。単体は赤色の金属で和名〈あかがね〉はこの色に由来している。展性・延性に富み，熱および電気の伝導率大きく，銀に次ぐ。空気中で安定。ハロゲン，硫黄と直接反応し，熱濃硫酸，硝酸に溶け，塩酸，希硫酸などには酸素の存在下で溶ける。主要鉱石は硫化鉱物の黄銅鉱，輝銅鉱，斑銅鉱，酸化鉱物の赤銅鉱，炭酸塩鉱物のラン銅鉱などで，黄銅鉱が最も多い。日本では黒鉱(くろこう)も重要。製錬は選鉱後の精鉱を焙焼(ばいしょう)ののち，溶鉱炉または反射炉で加熱，溶錬し，得られた【かわ】を転炉で還元，銅分98％程度の粗銅とする。これを電解精製すると純度99.98％程度の電気銅が得られる。電気銅の多くは棹(さお)銅に鋳込んでから線に圧延する。銅の最大の用途は電線類で，そのほか伸銅品，鋳物は機械・器具，建築などに利用され，また青銅，黄銅その他の銅合金としても広く使用される。生体必須元素でもあり，酸化還元に関与する酵素などに含まれる。世界の銅鉱石産出は1990年に903万t（含銅量），主産国は米国，旧ソ連，ザンビア，チリ，カナダなど。→関連項目粗銅｜耐候鋼｜耐食合金｜非鉄金属
  株式会社平凡社 百科事典マイペディアについて　情報

• 用途

  銅そのものはもちろん、黄銅、青銅、アルミニウム青銅、ベリリウム銅など、合金としての用途もきわめて広く、とくに電線をはじめ伸銅品として多く使われている。電線には、電気銅を溶解して両端を細くした角棒状に鋳込んだ棹(さお)銅を用い、これを荒引き線とし、各種の電線に加工する。また伸銅品は電気銅その他の合金用金属、銅屑(くず)、銅合金などを適当に配合して溶解し、所定の成分に調整して鋳込んだ銅塊を原料とし、板、棒、管、線などに加工する。銅板は俗に「あか」あるいは赤金(あかがね)といわれ、熱の伝導性と耐食性を生かして、鍋(なべ)をはじめ一般什器(じゅうき)にも使われる。また銅貨はスズ2～10％程度の青銅である。このほか金、銀その他の合金として各種のものが知られている。

• 用途

  触媒、粉末冶金、塗料、電刷子

• 用途

  触媒、含油軸受合金、粉末冶金

• 用途

  蒸着材料、銅合金

• 用途

  合金材料、銅化合物の製造原料。

• 製法

  浮遊選鉱などで品位を高めた硫化鉱を煆焼(かしょう)したのち、溶鉱炉で熱すると、珪砂(けいさ)はスラグとなって上に浮き、銅はおもに硫化銅(Ⅰ)の形で鈹(かわ)となって融解して沈む。これを転炉に注入し、底のほうから空気を吹き込むと、次のような変化がおこって銅が遊離する。

  2Cu2S＋3O2―→2Cu2O＋2SO2

  2Cu2O＋Cu2S―→6Cu＋SO2

  これを型に入れ固化したものを粗銅というが、これを陽極とし、硫酸銅(Ⅱ)の硫酸酸性溶液を電解液として電解精錬を行い、純銅（電気銅といっている）を得る。現在、銅地金は大部分電気銅であるが、さらに品位の低い地金も規格で決められている。電気銅の品位は普通99.99％である。

  湿式製錬
  

  鉱石中の銅、亜鉛をあわせて回収しようとする方法で、鉱石を焙焼(ばいしょう)し、銅、亜鉛の硫酸塩とし、水で浸出して電解槽に入れる。初めに銅電解をして銅を得たのち、亜鉛電解を行って亜鉛を得ている。湿式法は、もともと乾式法で採算のとれない貧鉱を処理する方法であるが、最近では品位の十分高い銅、亜鉛鉱石に対しても行われている。ただし、それほど多く行われていない。

• 化粧品の成分用途

  着色剤

• 主な用途

  1. 電気機器（リードフレーム、半導体素子、コネクター、プラグ、スイッチ、スイッチ部材、ソケット、プリント基板、パソコン、携帯電話、ロボット、太陽電池）
  2. 建築（建築用金具、配管、継手、屋根板、電線?ケーブル）
  3. 冷凍空調機器（エアコン用伝熱管、配管、冷凍機用伝熱管）
  4. 輸送機器?部品（自動車ワイヤーハーネス、端子7など電装品、リニアモーターカー、ヘリコプター）
  5. 産業機械（復水器、蒸発器など産業用熱交換部材、モーター）
  6. ガス、石油機器（湯沸器、風呂釜の熱交換部部品、バルブ、コック）
  7. 精密機械（時計、カメラ、光学、理化学、医療用部材）
  8. 船舶（アンカーチェーン、プロペラ、取水管）
  9. 日用品（鍋、釜、食卓用品、装飾品）
  10. その他（ガラス部品）

• 使用上の注意

  不活性ガス封入

• 説明

  Copper has long been used by humans for a variety of reasons. The name copper derives from the Latin for the metal, cuprum, which is named for the Roman source, the island of Cyprus. Copper has been used in a variety of alloys; of particular importance among copper alloys is bronze, which comprised most of the tools and weapons of the age that bears its name. Brass, a copper–zinc alloy, is also highly used, for example, in brass musical instruments. Copper has also long been used as a building material, and owing to the metal’s malleability, as well as high thermal and electric conductivity, continues to find new uses. Copper and its compounds are naturally present in the earth’s crust. Natural discharges to air and water may be significant. Therefore, it is important to consider the background levels that are commonly found and distinguish these from high levels that may be found as a result of anthropogenic activity. Copper is emitted into the air naturally from windblown dust, volcanoes, and anthropogenic sources, the largest of which are being primary copper smelters and ore processing facilities. It is associated with particulate matter. The mean concentration of copper in the atmosphere is 5–200 ng m^-3.

• 化学的特性

  Copper is a reddish-brown metal which occurs free or in ores, such as malachite, cuprite, and chalcopyrite.
  Copper is a group IB transition element on the periodic table and exists in four oxidation states: Cu0 Cu1+ (cuprous ion), Cu1+ (cupric ion), and Cu3+. In a natural state, copper is likely to be found in a variety of solid salts and compounds, but it can be found in the elemental form as well. Copper compounds generally are blue or green. The common green color of copper on exposure to air is a basic carbonate compound.
  
  Copper is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in hot sulfuric and nitric acids. The vapor pressure is negligible at low temperatures, but in an industrial setting, in which very high temperatures are used to smelt copper ore, some potentially harmful copper fumes may be emitted. Although it not combustible in bulk, powdered copper may ignite. Fires and explosions may result from contact with oxidizing agents, strong mineral acids, alkali metals, and halogens (NIOSH, 2010).

• 物理的性質

  Native copper has a distinctive reddish/brown color. Its first oxidation state (+1) formscompounds with copper ions named “cuprous,” also referred to as “copper(I),” and these ionsare easily oxidized with elements in group 16 (e.g., oxygen and sulfur) and elements in group17 (the halogens).Copper’s second oxidation state (+2) forms cupric compounds, also referred to as copper(II),which are more stable than copper(I) compounds. For example, copper in both oxidationstates can combine with fluorine: for copper(I) or cuprous fluoride, Cu⁺ + F^- → CuF; and forcopper(II) or cupric fluoride, Cu²⁺ + 2F → CuF₂.Copper’s melting point is 1,083°C, its boiling point is 2,567°C, and its density is 8.94g/cm³.

• 同位体

  There are 32 known isotopes of copper, ranging from Cu-52 to Cu-80. Only twoof these 32 isotopes of copper are stable, and together they make up the amount ofnatural copper found in the Earth’s crust in the following proportions: Cu-63 = 69.17%and Cu-65 = 30.83%. All the other isotopes of copper are radioactive and are artificiallyproduced with half-lives ranging from a few nanoseconds to about 61 hours.

• 名前の由来

  Copper’s name comes from the Latin word cuprum or cyprium, which is related to the name “Cyprus,” the island where it was found by the ancient Romans.

• 天然物の起源

  Copper is the 26th most abundant element on Earth, but it is rare to find pure metallicdeposits. It is found in many different types of mineral ores, many of which are close to thesurface and easy to extract. It is found in two types of ores: (1) sulfide ores, such as covellite,chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and enargite; and (2) oxidized ores, such as tenorite, malachite, azurite, cuprite, chrysocolla, and brochanite.It is found in most countries of the world, but only a few high-grade deposits are costeffective to mine. Examples of some of its ores are cuprite (CuO₂), tenorite (CuO), malachite[CuCO₃ ? Cu(OH)₂], chalcocite (Cu₂S), covellite (CuS), bornite (Cu₆FeS₄), and chalcopyrite,also known as copper pyrite.Copper ores are found worldwide, in Russia, Chile, Canada, Zambia, and Zaire and, in theUnited States, in Arizona, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Tennessee, and Utah.High-grade ores of 99% pure metal were found in the United States (and other countries), butmany of these native ore deposits have been mined over the past hundred years and are nowexhausted. Even so, many low-grade ores with concentrations of 10% to 80% pure copper stillexist and await a technology that will make them more profitable for exploitation.

• 特性

  Copper, a versatile metal relatively easy to find, has made it useful for humans for manycenturies. It is malleable, ductile, and easily formed into many shapes such as ingots, pipes,wire, rods, tubing, sheets, powder, shot, and coins. Although copper is resistant to weak acids,it will dissolve in strong or hot acids. It resists atmospheric corrosion better than does iron.One reason is that it forms a bluish-green film (called patina) over its surface when exposed tomoist air or seawater. This coating of copper carbonate and copper sulfate provides a protective layer for the underlying metal that makes it ideal for use on boats, roofs, pipes, and coins.The surfaces of some copper church steeples and the Statue of Liberty have now oxidized toform a pleasing patina.One of copper’s most useful characteristics is that it is an excellent conductor of electricityand heat.

• 来歴

  The discovery of copper dates from prehistoric times. It is said to have been mined for more than 5000 years. It is one of man’s most important metals. Copper is reddish colored, takes on a bright metallic luster, and is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Copper occasionally occurs native, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis. Its alloys, brass and bronze, long used, are still very important; all American coins are now copper alloys; monel and gun metals also contain copper. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulfate, blue vitriol; the latter has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests for sugar. High-purity copper (99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price of commercial copper has fluctuated widely. The price of copper in December 2001 was about $1.50/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known.

• 使用

  Copper is distributed widely in nature; it is the twenty-sixth most abundant element in the earth’s crust and is an essential element for many life forms. Copper is an abundant reddish, odorless metal that takes on a greenish-blue patina when exposed to the elements. It was the first metal worked by humans, and copper salts were among the first materials regularly used for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes.
  Most animals require copper for certain biological processes. A deficiency of copper, as well as an excess, can have adverse health effects. The daily intake of copper in the United States ranges from 2 to 5 mg, almost all of which is excreted in the feces. Shellfish, seeds, nuts, and grains are rich sources of dietary copper. Minute amounts of cupric ion are absorbed and stored, mainly in the liver, blood, and brain. Copper is an essential cofactor in several enzyme systems (Shaligram and Campbell, 2012). Cuproenzymes catalyze important biochemical reactions, including iron absorption and hemebiosynthesis (Colotti et al., 2013).Copper deficiency may lead to anemia and neutropenia, and eventually to bone lesions resembling scurvy and to pathological fractures without hemorrhage (Kumar et al., 2005; Halfdanarson et al., 2008). Copper is also found in some intrauterine devices for the prevention of pregnancy (IPCS, 1998; Szymanski et al., 2012).

• 定義

  Metallic element of atomic number 29, group IB of the periodic table, aw 63.546, valences 1, 2; two stable isotopes.

• 調製方法

  Copper can be found free in nature (although not as commonly today). A naturally forming “patina” forms on copper in the environment (e.g., Statue of Liberty in NewYork City). The “patina” is commonly copper carbonate (from reaction with water and carbon dioxide). This thin copper carbonate layer covers exposed pure copper and prevents further oxidation. The name copper is derived from the Latin word cuprum, which, in turn, is derived from an earlier word, cyprium or “Cyprium metal.” The Romans obtained much of their copper from Cyprus, as the name implies.
  Copper is found at a concentration of 50 ppm in the earth’s crust, and its concentration in seawater is 0.001–0.02 ppm. Although copper can also be obtained in an almost pure state in nature, about 85% of the copper mined today is derived from low-grade ores containing 2% or less of the metal. The major ore is chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Ores are removed by open-pit mining as well as underground mining.

• 一般的な説明

  Reddish lustrous malleable odorless metallic solid.

• 空気と水の反応

  Solid pieces are very slowly oxidized by air to give a green basic carbonate. Solid pieces become covered by a black oxide when heated in air. Insoluble in water.

• 反応プロフィール

  Copper combines violently with chlorine trifluoride in the presence of carbon [Mellor 2, Supp. 1, 1956]. Is oxidized by sodium peroxide with incandescence [Mellor 2:490-93, 1946-1947]. Forms an unstable acetylide when acetylene is passed over samples that have been heated enough to form an oxide coating. Reacts more rapidly in powdered or granular form. Subject to explosive reaction then mixed in finely divided form with finely divided bromates chlorates and iodates of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or zinc; these reactions are initiated by heat, percussion, and occasionally light friction [Mellor 2:310, 1946-1947]. A solution of sodium azide in Copper pipe with lead joints formed Copper azide and lead azide, both of these compounds can detonate [Klotz, 1973].

• 危険性

  Copper dust and powder, as well as a few of its compounds, are flammable, or even explosivewhen ignited in contained areas. Many of copper’s compounds are extremely toxic andpoisonous either with skin contact or when inhaled or ingested and should be handled by professionals in controlled environments. Even so, both plants and animals, including humans,require traces of copper for the proper metabolism of their foods.

• 工業用途

  The most important characteristics of copperimmersion coatings are their high electricalconductivity, good lubrication properties, andunique appearance. In addition to steel, they canbe applied to brass and aluminum and to printedcircuit boards.
  Because of their conductivity, copper immersioncoatings have proved particularly usefulfor printed circuits. They are not especiallynoted for their decorative appeal, but can beused in applications where a particular appearanceis required, e.g., inexpensive, decorativehardware such as casket parts. Because of theirgood lubrication properties they can also beused on steel wire in die-forming operations.

• 安全性プロファイル

  Toxic by inhalation. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: nausea and vomiting. See also COPPER COMPOUNDS. Liquid copper explodes on contact with water. Potentially explosive reaction with acetylenic compounds, 3-bromopropyne, ethylene oxide, lead azide, and ammonium nitrate. Iptes on contact with chlorine, chlorine trifluoride, fluorine (above 121℃), and hydrazinium nitrate (above 70'). Reacts violently with C2H2, bromates, chlorates, iodates, (Cl2 + OF2), dimethyl sulfoxide + trichloroacetic acid, ethylene oxide, H202, hydrazine mononitrate, hydrazoic acid, H2S + air, Pb(N3)2, K2O2, NaN3, Na2O2, sulfuric acid. Incandescent reaction with potassium dioxide. Incompatible with 1 -bromo-2 propyne.

• 職業ばく露

  Exposure to fume may occur in copper and brass plants; and during the welding of copper alloys; Metallic copper is an excellent conductor of electricity and is widely used in the electrical industry in all gauges of wire for circuitry, coil, and armature windings; high conductivity tubes; commutator bars, etc. It is made into castings, sheets, rods, tubing, and wire and is used in water and gas piping; roofing materials; cooking utensils; chemical and pharmaceutical equipment and coinage. Copper forms many important alloys: Be-Cu alloy, brass, bronze; gunmetal, bell metal; German silver; aluminum bronze, silicon bronze; phosphor bronze; and manganese bronze. Copper compounds are used as insecticides, algicides, molluscicides, plant fungicides, mordants, pigments, catalysts; as a copper supplement for pastures; and in the manufacture of powdered bronze paint and percussion caps. They are also utilized in analytical reagents, in paints for ships’ bottoms; in electroplating; and in the solvent for cellulose in rayon manufacture.

• 環境運命予測

  Copper reduces glutathione, which is necessary for normal cell viability. The amino acid transferases are inhibited in the presence of excess copper; lipid peroxidation also occurs. Copper combines with thiol groups, which reduces the oxidation state II to I in copper and oxidizes the thiol groups to disulfides, especially in the cell membrane.

• 輸送方法

  UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. Copper, elemental is not specifically cited in DOT’s PerformanceOriented Packaging Standards.

• 不和合性

  Copper dust, fume, and mists form shock-sensitive compounds with acetylene gas, acetylenic compounds, azides, and ethylene oxides. Incompatible with acids, chemically active metals, such as potassium; sodium, magnesium, zinc, zirconium, strong bases. Violent reaction, possibly explosive, if finely divided material come in contact with strong oxidizers

• 廃棄物の処理

  Copper-containing wastes can be concentrated through the use of ion exchange, reverse osmosis, or evaporators to the point where copper can be electrolytically removed and sent to a reclaiming firm. If recovery is not feasible, the copper can be precipitated through the use of caustics and the sludge deposited in a chemical waste landfill. Copper-containing soluble wastes can be concentrated through the use of ion exchange, reverse osmosis, or evaporators to the point where copper can be electrolytically removed and sent to a reclaiming firm. If recovery is not feasible, the copper can be precipitated through the use of caustics and the sludge deposited in a chemical waste landfill

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