Chemical Properties
White crystalline powder
Reactions
In efforts to optimize a manufacturing process for an internal development compound, a clean, efficient approach to guanidine synthesis using chloroformamidine hydrochloride was identified. The successful application of this chemistry to a variety of pyridines, anilines, and heterocyclic compounds highlights its use as an improved, alternative guanylation method for this often challenging set of aromatic amines.[1]
Materials Uses
An interfacial molecular linker, chloroformamidine hydrochloride (CFA), is introduced to modify the properties of electron transport layers (ETLs) and modulate the interaction between the ETL and perovskite (PVK) layer via coordination/electrostatic coupling. It is found that the CFA molecular linker can passivate the oxygen vacancies/interfacial defects of SnO2 and construct an improved energetic alignment between the ETL and PVK layer. Moreover, unencapsulated PSCs based on CFA-modified SnO2 (CFA@SnO2) ETLs show enhanced thermal and moisture stability compared with PSCs without CFA modification.[2]
Synthesis
Synthesis of chloroformamidine hydrochloride: cyanamide (50.0 g, 1.19 mol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in diethyl ether (900 ml) and the solution was cooled to 0°C. An ether solution of hydrogen chloride (450 g, 29%) was slowly added while the temperature was kept below +5 °C. After addition, the reaction mixture was continued to be stirred at room temperature for some time. Subsequently, the white precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at 30 °C to afford a white solid product, chloroformamidine hydrochloride (132.66 g, 1.15 mol, 96.64% yield).
References
[1] IAN ARMITAGE. The Use of Chloroformamidine Hydrochloride as a Reagent for the Synthesis of Guanidines from Electron Deficient Aromatic Amines[J]. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2015, 54 1: 728-734. DOI:10.1002/jhet.2567.
[2] LI H, FU P, LU R, et al. Chloroformamidine hydrochloride as a molecular linker towards efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2023, 15: 5039-5044. DOI:10.1039/D3TC00637A.
