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white powder

In efforts to optimize a manufacturing process for an internal development compound, a clean, efficient approach to guanidine synthesis using chloroformamidine hydrochloride was identified. The successful application of this chemistry to a variety of pyridines, anilines, and heterocyclic compounds highlights its use as an improved, alternative guanylation method for this often challenging set of aromatic amines.[1]

An interfacial molecular linker, chloroformamidine hydrochloride (CFA), is introduced to modify the properties of electron transport layers (ETLs) and modulate the interaction between the ETL and perovskite (PVK) layer via coordination/electrostatic coupling. It is found that the CFA molecular linker can passivate the oxygen vacancies/interfacial defects of SnO2 and construct an improved energetic alignment between the ETL and PVK layer. Moreover, unencapsulated PSCs based on CFA-modified SnO2 (CFA@SnO2) ETLs show enhanced thermal and moisture stability compared with PSCs without CFA modification.[2]

Synthesis of chloroformamidine hydrochloride: cyanamide (50.0 g, 1.19 mol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in diethyl ether (900 ml) and the solution was cooled to 0°C. An ether solution of hydrogen chloride (450 g, 29%) was slowly added while the temperature was kept below +5 °C. After addition, the reaction mixture was continued to be stirred at room temperature for some time. Subsequently, the white precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at 30 °C to afford a white solid product, chloroformamidine hydrochloride (132.66 g, 1.15 mol, 96.64% yield).

[1] IAN ARMITAGE. The Use of Chloroformamidine Hydrochloride as a Reagent for the Synthesis of Guanidines from Electron Deficient Aromatic Amines[J]. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2015, 54 1: 728-734. DOI:10.1002/jhet.2567.
[2] LI H, FU P, LU R, et al. Chloroformamidine hydrochloride as a molecular linker towards efficient and stable perovskite solar cells?[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2023, 15: 5039-5044. DOI:10.1039/D3TC00637A.