Aminophylline

Description

Aminophylline is a drug combination consisting of bronchodilator theophylline and ethylenediamine in 2: 1 ratio. It is a kind of non-selective adenosine receptor blocker, histone deacetylase activator and phosphodiesterase inhibition. It is mainly indicated for the treatment of various kinds of lung diseases including asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Aminophylline exerts its effect through the component of theophylline in vivo. Theophylline can relax the smooth muscle of the bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels. It can competitively inhibits type III and type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE), which breaks down cyclic AMP in smooth muscle cells, possibly leading to bronchodilation. Theophylline also binds to the adenosine A2B receptor to block the adenosine mediated bronchoconstriction. Furthermore, during the inflammatory states, theophylline can activate the histone deacetylase to prevent transcription of inflammatory genes that require the acetylation of histones to initiate the transcription.

References

https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01223 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminophylline

Description

Aminophylline is a 2/1 mixture of theophylline and ethylenediamine. It caused contact dermatitis in industrial plants, in pharmacists, and in nurses. Ethylenediamine is the sensitizer, and patch testing is generally positive to both ethylenediamine and aminophylline, but negative to theophylline.

Chemical Properties

white to slightly yellowish powder

Originator

Memcophylline,Memphis Co.

Uses

Bronchodilatator;Mastocytes degranulation inhibitor

Uses

Aminophylline exhibits vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory activity and is occasionally clinically used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). In animal models of allergen-induced lung inflammation, aminophylline decreases levels of IL-5, IL-8, and eosinophils. It is mostly used to prepare solutions for intravenous injections.

Uses

Aminophylline is a bronchodilator and a non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor.

Definition

ChEBI: Aminophylline is a mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio. It has a role as a bronchodilator agent and a cardiotonic drug. It contains a theophylline and an ethylenediamine.

Manufacturing Process

A mixture of 198 g (1 mol) theophylline and 60-78 g (0.75-1 mol) ethylenediamine hydrate in 300 g of water was stirred at 50°C and then the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The product (aminophylline) was separeted by suction filtration. Aminophylline was used as an aqueous solution.

brand name

Phyllocontin (Purdue Frederick); Somophyllin (Fisons); Truphylline (G & W);Afonilum;Aminomal;Aminophylline injection;Aminophylline mudrane;Aminophylline oral;Amino-slow;Amnivent;Asmafilin;Cardophylline;Carine;Colonofilin;Corfilamine;Corophylline;Corphyllamin;Duraphyllin;Escophylline;Eudiamine;Euphyllin 0.48;Euphyllin retard;Euphylllin cr;Euphylllina;Fadfilina;Godafilin;Jaa aminophylline;Mini-lix;Mudrane gg;Mundiphyllin;Palaran;Palaron;Pecram;Pecran;Peterphylin;Phyllotemp;Planphylline;Somophyllin-12;Syntophyllin;Teophyllamin;Thodrox;Variaphylline.

Therapeutic Function

Diuretic, Cardiac stimulant, Smooth muscle relaxant, Vasodilator

World Health Organization (WHO)

Aminophylline, the ethylenediamine salt of theophylline, was introduced many years ago as a treatment for asthma and is listed in the 8th WHO Model List of Essential Drugs. It has been recognized for some 10 years that aminophylline preparations are not interchangeable because bioavailability can vary considerably. The resulting variability in drug absorption can lead to adverse effects including irritation of the mucosa. Allergic reation can also be an adverse effect of aminophylline. Theophylline functions similarly but is considered less of an irritant.

Hazard

Cardiovascular and respiratory collapse.

Contact allergens

This drug is a 2:1 mixture of the alkaloid theophylline and ethylenediamine (see below). It caused contact dermatitis in industrial plants, pharmacists, and nurses. Ethylenediamine is the sensitizer and patch testing is generally positive to both ethylenediamine and aminophylline and negative to theophylline.

Clinical Use

Reversible airways obstruction
Acute severe asthma

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

The theophyllines are used primarily for their bronchodilatory effects, often in patients with myocardial failure and/or pulmonary edema. While they are still routinely used, the methylxanthines must be used cautiously due to their adverse effects and toxicity.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Antibacterials: increased concentration with azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and isoniazid; decreased erythromycin levels if erythromycin is given orally; increased risk of convulsions if given with quinolones; rifampicin accelerates metabolism of aminophylline.
Antidepressants: concentration increased by fluvoxamine - avoid or halve theophylline dose and monitor levels; concentration reduced by St John’s wort - avoid.
Antiepileptics: metabolism increased by carbamazepine, phenobarbital and primidone; concentration of both drugs increased with fosphenytoin and phenytoin.
Antifungals: concentration increased by fluconazole and ketoconazole.
Antivirals: metabolism of aminophylline increased by ritonavir; concentration possibly increased by aciclovir.
Calcium-channel blockers: concentration increased by diltiazem and verapamil and possibly other calcium-channel blockers.
Deferasirox: concentration of aminophylline increased.
Feboxostat: use with caution.
Interferons: reduced metabolism of aminophylline.
Tacrolimus: may increase tacrolimus levels.
Ulcer-healing drugs: metabolism inhibited by cimetidine; absorption possibly reduced by sucralfate.

Metabolism

Aminophylline is metabolised to theophylline in vivo. Theophylline is excreted in the urine as metabolites, mainly 1,3-dimethyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine, and about 10% is excreted unchanged.