Chemical Properties
Castor tree is a common annual ornamental whose native habitat is in the West Indies. The tree grows up to 5 m high.
The leaves are large, alternate, peltate, palmately 5- to 12-lobed; the petiolate has conspicuous glands. The seeds are ovoid with a
large caruncle; the endosperm is fleshy and oily. The plant thrives in rich, well-drained, sandy or clay loam; it is grown in India and
the United States. Castor beans have been cultivated from the earliest times for the oil of the seeds, the only part used. Commercially,
the oils and cakes are obtained by cold expression or are steam treated to denature the toxin.
Chemical Properties
pale yellow viscous liquid
Chemical Properties
Castor oil is obtained by cold expression of kernels, which contain 45 to 50% oil. It has a faint, mild odor and a bland
characteristic taste.
Chemical Properties
Castor oil is a clear, almost colorless or pale yellow-colored viscous
oil. It has a slight odor and a taste that is initially bland but
afterwards slightly acrid.
Chemical Properties
Dehydrated castor oil is a castor oil from which approximately 5% of the chemically combined water has been removed. Therefore it has drying properties similar to those of Tung oil. Dehydration is carried out by heating the oil in the presence of catalysts such as sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, clays and metal oxides. Dehydrated castor oil is a yellow oily liquid with characteristic odour.
Standard specifications
commercial grade pale grade special grade
refractive index (20°C) 1,482 - 1,483 1,482 - 1,483 1,482 - 1,483
specific gravity (15°C) 0,982 - 0,933 0,982 - 0,933 0,982 - 0,933
viscosity (25°C) Poise 1,6 - 2,8 1,6 - 2,8 1,6 - 2,8
viscosity Gardner scale G – I G – I G – I
colour max. 8 max. 6 max. 5
acid value mg KOH/g max.6 max. 4
iodine value (Wijs) g I2/100g min. 130 min. 130 min. 130
hydroxyl value mg KOH/g max. 25 max. 20
Physical properties
The oil is a pale-yellowish or almost colorless, transparent viscid liquid. It is soluble in alcohol,
and is miscible with absolute alcohol, glacial acetic acid, chloroform and ether.
Occurrence
Castor is a perennial found in India and Africa.
Uses
PEG-30 castor oil, -30 castor oil (hydrogenated), -40 castor oil, -40 castor oil (hydrogenated) are emollients, detergents, emulsifiers, and oil-in-water solubilizers recommended for fragrance oils, and for other oils that may be difficult to solubilize. The -40 castor oil version is a powerful solubilizer for solubilizing essential oils and perfumes in oil-in-water creams and lotions. It is similar to Peg-30 castor oil but denser, being a soft paste rather than a liquid. The hydrogenated version is particularly used as a nonionic emulsifier for essential oils and perfumes.
Uses
Dehydrated castor oil is an unique drying oil, which imparts good flexibility, fine gloss, toughness, adhesion, chemical and water resistance to the dry paint film with non-yellowing properties. DCO is a very suitable and even better substitute for Linseed oil. Paints with DCO are super white and offer superior finish.
Dehydrated castor oil is used as a primary binder for house paints, enamels, caulks, sealants and inks. In “cooked” varnishes it is combined with all the basic resins, rosins, rosin-esters, hydrocarbons and phenolics to produce clear varnishes and vehicles for pigmented coatings. DCO is also used in the manufacturing of lithographic inks, linoleum, putty and phenolic resins.
DCO is used with phenolics to obtain fast drying coatings with maximum alkali resistance as required in sanitary can lining, corrosion resistant coatings, traffic paints, varnishes, ink vehicles, wire enamels, aluminium paint appliance finishes and marine finishes.
DCO is also used to obtain fast kettling rate which gives lighter colour and lower acid varnishes.
Uses
Castor Oil is a release and antisticking agent used in hard candy pro-
duction. its concentration is not to exceed 500 ppm. it is used in
vitamin and mineral tablets, and as a component of protective
coatings.
Uses
castor oil is a highly emollient carrier oil that penetrates the skin easily, leaving it soft and supple. It also serves to bind the different ingredients of a cosmetic formulation together. Castor oil is high in glycerin esters of ricinoleic acid (an unsaturated fatty acid). It is rarely, if ever, associated with irritation of the skin or allergic reactions. It is obtained through cold-pressing from seeds or beans of the Ricinus communis (castor oil) plant. Impure castor oil may cause irritation, as the seeds contain a toxic substance that is eliminated during processing. Its unpleasant odor makes it difficult to use in cosmetics.
Production Methods
Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold-expression of the seeds of
Ricinus communis Linne (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). No other substances
are added to the oil.
Indications
Castor oil is a bland oil that is hydrolyzed in the gut
to yield ricinoleic acid, the active purging agent. This
hydrolysis requires bile, a fact that is sometimes overlooked
when castor oil is given as a laxative before radiography
in biliary obstruction.The ricinoleic acid acts
on the ileum and colon to induce an increased fluid secretion
and colonic contraction.
Definition
castor oil: A pale-coloured oil extractedfrom the castor-oil plant. Itcontains a mixture of glyceridesof fatty acids, the predominantacid being ricinoleic acid,C
17H
32(OH)COOH. It is used as adrying oil in paints and varnishesand medically as a laxative.
Essential oil composition
The oil is a mixture of triglycerides of which 75 to 90% is ricinoleic acid.* This mixture is hydrolyzed
to release ricinoleic acid, which exerts a cathartic effect. The cake remaining after the extraction of the oil is the castor pomace. The
phytotoxins ricin and ricinine are found in the seed cake and oil. Ricin is a glycoproptein containing neutral A chain and acidic B
chain connected by disulfur bonds.
General Description
Pale-yellow or almost colorless transparent viscous liquid with a faint mild odor and nauseating taste. Density 0.95 g / cm3. A mixture of glycerides, chiefly ricinolein (the glyceride of ricinoleic acid) .
Air & Water Reactions
Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Castor oil can develop heat spontaneously in the air. [Hawley]. Reacts with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides.
Hazard
Undergoes spontaneous heating.
Health Hazard
If ingested causes severe diarrhea.
Fire Hazard
Castor oil is combustible.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Castor oil is widely used in cosmetics, food products, and
pharmaceutical formulations. In pharmaceutical formulations,
castor oil is most commonly used in topical creams and ointments
at concentrations of 5–12.5%. However, it is also used in oral tablet
and capsule formulations, ophthalmic emulsions, and as a solvent in
intramuscular injections.
Therapeutically, castor oil has been administered orally for its
laxative action, but such use is now obsolete.
Clinical Use
Castor oil is a bland oil that is hydrolyzed in the gut
to yield ricinoleic acid, the active purging agent. This
hydrolysis requires bile, a fact that is sometimes overlooked
when castor oil is given as a laxative before radiography
in biliary obstruction.
Safety Profile
An allergen. A human
skin and eye irritant. Combustible when
exposed to heat. Spontaneous heating may
occur. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical,
fog, mist. See also CASTOR BEAN.
Safety
Castor oil is used in cosmetics and foods and orally, parenterally,
and topically in pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally
regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material when
used as an excipient.
Castor oil has been used therapeutically as a laxative and oral
administration of large quantities may cause nausea, vomiting,
colic, and severe purgation. It should not be given when intestinal
obstruction is present.
Although widely used in topical preparations, including
ophthalmic formulations, castor oil has been associated with
some reports of allergic contact dermatitis, mainly to cosmetics
such as lipsticks.
storage
Castor oil is stable and does not turn rancid unless subjected to
excessive heat. On heating at 3008℃ for several hours, castor oil
polymerizes and becomes soluble in mineral oil. When cooled to
08℃, it becomes more viscous.
Castor oil should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 258℃
in well-filled airtight containers protected from light.
Incompatibilities
Castor oil is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database
(IM injections; ophthalmic emulsions; oral capsules and tablets;
topical creams, emulsions, ointments, and solutions). Included in
nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the
Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
