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Isoginkgetin is a biflavonoid that has been found in G. biloba and is an inhibitor of pre-mRNA splicing. Isoginkgetin (33 μM) reduces the activity of an mRNA-dependent luciferase reporter by 5-fold, shifts the composition of total RNA extract from predominantly mRNA to pre-mRNA, and arrests cell growth in HEK293 cells. Isoginkgetin (10 μM) suppresses mouse lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A (Con A; Item No. 14951) and LPS by approximately 87 and 90%, respectively. It also suppresses arachidonic acid release induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Item No. 10008014) and the calcium ionophore A23187 (Item No. 11016) by 32.5 and 48.4%, respectively, in rat peritoneal macrophages when used at a concentration of 10 μM. Isoginkgetin (5-20 μM) reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, expression, and mRNA levels in and decreases cell invasion by HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

ChEBI: A biflavonoid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation between position 8 of one molecule of 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone and the 3' position of another. Found in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, it is a potent inhibitor of matrix metal oproteinase 9 (MMP-9).

Isoginkgetin (ISO), a member of the biflavonoid family, could promote autophagy in HCC cells and human colon carcinoma cells HCT 116. As a natural compound derived from Ginkgo biloba leaves, ISO possesses anti-tumor and anti-splicing functions. Nevertheless, ISO's low water solubility and poor bioavailability hinder its biomedical application [1].

Specifically, isoginkgetin impairs the production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a protein involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and upregulation of the MMP-9 inhibitor tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in human fibrosarcoma cells. Isoginkgetin inhibits the activity of the 20S proteasome, leading to a toxic accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in the ER and the induction of apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Like other proteasome inhibitors, isoginkgetin also inhibits the NF-κB pathway, which relies on proteasomal degradation of the inhibitory protein IκBα for activation. Moreover, the disruption of proper protein clearance via proteasome inhibition results in the activation of lysosome regulator TFEB, UPR, and autophagy pathways[2].

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[1] Yang Wang . “Isoginkgetin synergizes with doxorubicin for robust co-delivery to induce autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma.” Acta Biomaterialia 153 (2022): Pages 518-528.
[2] Jessica Tsalikis. “Isoginkgetin, a Natural Biflavonoid Proteasome Inhibitor, Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Apoptosis via Disruption of Lysosomal Homeostasis and Impaired Protein Clearance.” Molecular and Cellular Biology 39 10 (2019).