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The apelin gene encodes a pre-proprotein that is processed to generate bioactive peptides consisting of 36, 17, or 13 amino acids: apelin-36 , apelin-17, and apelin-13 , respectively. Apelin-13 is an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, activating this G protein-coupled receptor with an EC50 value of 0.37 nM. (Glp1)-Apelin-13 is a pyroglutamylated form of apelin-13, in that the N-terminal glutamine residue is cyclized to pyroglutamic acid. Like apelin-13, this compound is a potent APJ receptor agonist (EC50 = 0.30 nM). (Glp1)-Apelin-13 is the major apelin isoform in the plasma of healthy human subjects. It can have vasoconstrictor and antipyretic effects in vitro and in vivo.

ChEBI: P-Glu-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe is a thirteen-membered polypeptide consisting of p-Glu, Arg, Pro, Arg, Leu, Ser, His, Lys, Gly, Pro, Met, Pro and Phe residues joined in sequence. It has a role as an apoptosis inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent and a human metabolite. It is a tautomer of a [Pyr1]apelin-13(2+).

(Pyr1)-Apelin-13the major apelin form in human plasma and heartcorresponds to Apelin-13 with posttranslationally modified pyroglutamyl (pGlupE) at the N-terminus instead of glutamine (GlnQ). (Pyr1)-Apelin-13 exhibits higher APJ agonist potency than Apelin-13 (EC50 = 0.30 vs. 0.37 nMrespectively; acidification induction in human APJ-expresing CHO cell cultures). (Pyr1)-Apelin-13 is reactive toward humanmurineratand bovine speciesand widely used for studyinhg APJ-mediated cellular and physiological functions both in cultures and in animals in vivo (via intraperitonealintravenousintrathecal injection).

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