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  Starting with 1,3-dimethyl-5-tert-butylbenzene, it reacts with a chloromethylating agent in the presence of a catalyst to give 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butyl-1-chloromethylbenzene; cyanidation with sodium cyanide yields 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butyl-1-phenylacetonitrile, which is then cyclized with ethylenediamine p-toluenesulfonate to give xylometazoline p-toluenesulfonate (11); xylometazoline is then freed with alkali and reacted with hydrogen chloride to form a salt to give xylometazoline hydrochloride. The drawbacks of this process route are: tert-butyl-m-xylene has a high market price; chloromethyl ether is highly toxic, has a low boiling point, and a high market price; and highly toxic solvents such as carbon disulfide have low boiling points, resulting in poor reaction operability. Another synthetic route involves reacting 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylaniline hydrochloride as a starting material with sodium nitrite, copper sulfate, and paraformaldehyde to generate 2,6-dimethyl-4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde. This is then reduced to an alcohol, followed by chloromethylation, hydrogenation, amino esterification, cyclization, and salt formation to produce xylometazoline hydrochloride. This synthetic route is lengthy and involves complex post-processing. Analysis shows that the diazotization reaction in this method generally has low yields; the use of thionyl chloride causes significant environmental pollution; it is difficult to scale up production; and the resulting product contains many impurities and has low purity. In summary, this synthetic method has a long process route, cumbersome post-processing, low product yield, and high production costs, making it difficult to achieve large-scale industrial production.;

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