Алюмогидрид лития

Химические свойства

Lithium aluminum hydride is a white to gray powder. A combustible solid. monoclinic crystals; grey in the presence of aluminum impurity; stable below 120°C in dry air; turns grey on standing; hygroscopic; density 0.917 g/cm3; melts at 190°C (decomposes); reacts with water and alcohols; soluble in diethylether and tetrahydrofuran (about 30 and 13 g/100g, respectively at 25°C; also soluble in dimethylcellosolve; sparingly soluble in dibutylether; slightly soluble in dioxane (1g/L) and practically insoluble in hydrocarbons; can be solubilized in benzene by crown ether.

Физические свойства

White crystalline powder when pure; monoclinic crystals; grey in the presence of aluminum impurity; stable below 120°C in dry air; turns grey on standing; hygroscopic; density 0.917 g/cm³; melts at 190°C (decomposes); reacts with water and alcohols; soluble in diethylether and tetrahydrofuran (about 30 and 13 g/100g, respectively at 25°C; also soluble in dimethylcellosolve; sparingly soluble in dibutylether; slightly soluble in dioxane (1g/L) and practically insoluble in hydrocarbons; can be solubilized in benzene by crown ether.

Использование

Lithium aluminum hydride is among the most important industrial reducingagents. It is used extensively in organic syntheses and also in catalytichydrogenation. Reactant or reagent for:
1. The preparation of thermoplastic polyester polyamides from oleic acid
2. Lithium-polymer batteries
3. Hydrodefluorination of gem-difluoromethylene derivatives
4. Asymmetric aldol reactions
5. Synthesis of Li-Al-N-H composites with hydrogen absorption / desorption properties
6. LAH is a powerful reducing agent for many different reduction reactions such as that of ketones to alcohols

Подготовка

Lithium aluminum hydride is prepared by reaction of lithium hydride with aluminum chloride in diethylether:
4LiH + AlCl3 →(C2H5)2O→LiAlH4+3LiCl

прикладной

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is an effective reducing agent that can be used in chemical synthesis to reduce esters, carboxylic acids, acyl chlorides, aldehydes, epoxides, and ketones into the corresponding alcohols. In addition, amide, nitro, nitrile, imine, oxime, and azide compounds are converted into amines.
LiAlH4 is a promising substance for hydrogen storage applications. Its properties include high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities . It can also be used as a reducing agent in the preparation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO).

Общее описание

A white powder that turns gray on standing. If spread out over a large flat combustible surface, friction can cause ignition. Used to make other chemicals, as a polymerization catalyst, as a hydrogen source, and as a propellant.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Reacts with water vigorously attaining incandescence and ignition of evolved hydrogen [Kelen, Cahiers, 1977, (86), 100]. Reactions with water or moist air (or heated air) are violent and may be explosive [Schmidt, D.L., et al. Inorg. Synth. 1973. p. 14, 51].

Профиль реактивности

Lithium aluminium hydride is a powerful reducing agent. React violently on contact with many oxidizing agents. Ignites by friction, especially if powdered. Reacts vigorously with hydroxy compounds such as water, alcohols, carboxylic acids [Mellor 2 Supp. 2:142. 1961]. Caused a violent explosion when used to dry diethylene glycol dimethyl ether: Ignition may have been caused by heat from reaction with impurity water or perhaps decomposition of peroxides in the ether. About 75% of the ether had been removed when the explosion occurred [MCA Case History 1494. 1968]. Reduces carbon dioxide or sodium hydrogen carbonate to methane and ethane at elevated temperatures. These flammable or explosive gases can form when CO2 extinguishers are used to fight hydride fires. Forms explosive complexes with ether, dimethylamine and various tetrazoles. Tetrazoles include, 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, 5-ethyl, 2-methyl-5-vinyl, 5-amino-2-ethyl [US Pat. 3 396 170, 1968].

Опасность

Lithium aluminum hydride is a flammable substance. It ignites spontaneously on grinding and reacts violently with water and many organic substances. Diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or another suitable solvent should be used in its synthetic applications. Dry or powdered limestone is an appropriate fire extinguishing agent.

Угроза здоровью

Lithium aluminum hydride is highly corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Contact with moisture forms lithium hydroxide, which can cause severe burns. Powdered LAH forms dusts that can pose an inhalation hazard. Ingestion of this substance may cause aching muscles, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and unconsciousness and may be fatal. Ingestion can result in gas embolism due to the formation of hydrogen.
No chronic effects of lithium aluminum hydride have been identified

Воспламеняемость и взрывоопасность

Lithium aluminum hydride is a highly flammable solid and may ignite in moist or heated air. Exposure to water results in the release of hydrogen, which can be ignited by the heat from the exothermic reaction. Lithium aluminum hydride should not be used as a drying agent for solvents because fires can easily result (LAH decomposes at about 125° C, a temperature easily reached at a flask's surface in a heating mantle). The decomposition products of LAH can be quite explosive, and the products of its reaction with carbon dioxide have been reported to be explosive. Use dry chemical powder or sand to extinguish fires involving lithium aluminum hydride. Never use water or carbon dioxide extinguishers on an LAH fire.

Профиль безопасности

Stable in dry air at room temperature. It decomposes above 125' forming Al, H2, and lithium hydride. Very powerful reducer. Can ignite if pulverized even in a dry box. Reacts violently with air, acids, alcohols, benzoyl peroxide, boron trifluoride etherate, (2 chloromethyl furan + ethyl acetate), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, (nitriles + H2O), perfluorosuccinamide, (perfluorosuccinamide + H20), tetrahydrofuran, water. To fight fire, use dry chemical, includmg special formulations of dry chemicals as recommended by the supplier of the lithium aluminum hydride. Do not use water, fog, spray, or mist. Incompatible with bis (2-methoxyethyl)ether, CO2, BF3, diethyl etherate, dibenzoyl peroxide, 3,5 dbromocyclopentene, 172-dimethoxy ethane, ethyl acetate, fluoro amides, pyridine, tetrahydrofuran. Used as a reducing agent in the preparation of pharmaceuticals. See also ALUMINUM, LITHIUM COMPOUNDS, and HYDRIDES.

Возможный контакт

This material is used as a catalyst and as a specialty reducing agent in organic synthesis.

Описание

Алюмогидрид лития — неорганическое соединение, комплексный смешанный гидрид лития и алюминия с формулой Li[AlH4], белые кристаллы.Сильный восстановитель, используемый в органическом синтезе. Мощнее других часто используемых агентов, например борогидрида натрия, благодаря более слабым связям Al-H по сравнению с B-Н. Восстанавливает сложные эфиры, карбоновые кислоты и кетоны до спиртов, нитросоединения и амиды до аминов.

Применение

• Действием хлорида алюминия на суспензию гидрида лития в эфире:
  4LiH+AlCl₃→Li[AlH₄]+3LiCl

• Восстановление сложных эфиров и карбоновых кислот также производится под действием комплексных гидридов, обычно, алюмогидрида лития и приводит к спиртам.

• Для получения неводных электролитов, из которых гальваническим способом осаждается алюминиевое покрытие.

Безопасность

Легковоспламеняющееся вещество.
При контакте с водой выделяет легковоспламеняющиеся газы, которые могут самовозгораться.
Вызывает серьезные ожоги, раздражение кожи и повреждение глаз.

хранилище

LAH should be handled in areas free of ignition sources under an inert atmosphere. Safety glasses, impermeable gloves, and a fire-retardant laboratory coat are required. A dry powder fire extinguisher or pail of sand (and shovel) must be available in areas where LAH is to be handled or stored. Work with large quantities of powdered LAH should be conducted in a fume hood under an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. Lithium aluminum hydride should be stored in tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry area separate from combustible materials. Dry LAH powder should never be exposed to water or moist air. Lithium aluminum hydride can be a finely powdered reagent that produces a reactive dust on handling. The older practice of grinding lithium aluminum hydride prior to use can cause explosions and should not be employed.

Перевозки

UN1410 Lithium aluminum hydride (dry), Hazard Class: 4.3; Labels: 4.3-Dangerous when wet material. UN1411 Lithium aluminum hydride, ethereal, Hazard Class: 4.3; Labels: 4.3-Dangerous when wet material, 3- Flammable liquid.

Методы очистки

Extract it with Et2O, and, after filtering, the solvent is removed under vacuum. The residue is dried at 60o for 3hours, under high vacuum [Ruff J Am Chem Soc 83 1788 1961]. It is a strong reducing agent. It IGNITES in the presence of a small amount of water and reacts with it EXPLOSIVELY. [Becher in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 805 1963.]

Несовместимости

Combustible solid. Can ignite spontaneously in moist air or heat. Decomposes on heating @ 125C forming aluminum, lithium hydride and flammable hydrogen gas. A strong reducing agent; violent reaction with oxidizers. Violent reaction with water, alcohols, acids, dimethylether, ethers, tetrahydrofuran, benzoyl peroxide; boron trifluoride etherate. Reduces carbon dioxide or sodium hydrogen carbonate to methane and ethane at elevated temperatures. These flammable or explosive gases can form when CO2 extinguishers are used to fight hydride fires. Forms explosive complexes with ether, dimethylamine and various tetrazoles. Tetrazoles include, 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, 5-ethyl, 2-methyl-5-vinyl, 5-amino-2-ethyl .

Утилизация отходов

Small amounts of excess LAH can be destroyed by forming a suspension or solution in an inert solvent such as diethyl ether or hexane, cooling in an ice bath, and slowly and carefully adding ethyl acetate dropwise with stirring. This is followed by the addition of a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride.
Excess lithium aluminum hydride and the products of the treatment described above should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 .