Абамектин

Химические свойства

Abamectin is a colorless to yellowish crystalline powder. It is soluble in acetone, methanol, toluene, chloroform, and ethanol, but insoluble in water. It is stable, and incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Abamectin is a mixture of Abamectins containing about 80% Abamectin B1a and 20% Abamectin B1b. These two components, B1a and B1b, have very similar biological and toxicological properties. The Abamectins are insecticidal/miticidal compounds derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. Abamectin is used to control insect and mite pests of citrus, pear, and nut tree crops, and is used by homeown- ers to control fi re ants. It acts on the nervous system of insects, causing paralyzing effects. Abamectin is a general use pesticide (GUP). It is grouped as toxicity class IV, meaning practically non-toxic, requiring no precautionary statement on its label

Использование

Mixture of Abamectins, containing at least 80% of Abamectin B1a (C48H72O14) and not more than 20% of Abamectin B1b (C47H70O14). Used as acaricide, insecticide

Определение

Any of a group of broad spectrum antiparasitic antibiotics produced by the actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis.

Общее описание

Odorless off-white to yellow crystals from methanol. Does not hydrolyze in water at pH 3, 5, 7. Used as an acaricide and insecticide.

Профиль реактивности

A lactone.

Опасность

A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact.

Угроза здоровью

Abamectin is an insecticide and miticide. It is very toxic and causes adverse health effects if swallowed and/or inhaled. Emulsifi able concentrate formulations of Abamectin cause slight to moderate eye irritation and mild skin irritation. The symptoms of poisoning observed in laboratory animals include pupil dilation, vomiting, convulsions and/or trem- ors, and coma. Abamectin acts on insects by interfering with the nervous system. At very high doses, laboratory mammals develop symptoms of nervous system depression, inco- ordination, tremors, lethargy, excitation, and pupil dilation. Very high doses have caused death from respiratory failure in animals. Additionally, Abamectin has been reported to cause reproductive effects. Abamectin blocks the nerval conduct system in insects, caus- ing paralysis and death. Laboratory studies have indicated that abamectin may affect the nervous system in experimental animals. A 1-year study with dogs given oral doses of abamectin (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day) caused adverse health effects, such as pupil dilation, weight loss, lethargy, tremors, and recumbency.

Сельскохозяйственное использование

Acaricide, Miticide, Insecticide, Anthelmentic: Used on fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops; pears, citrus fruits, and nut crops; to control mite and insect pests, and also to control household and lawn insects, including fire ants. Approved by the EPA for use in ash trees for control of emerald ash borer. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP).

Торговое название

ABACIDE®; AFFIRM®; AVID®, AVID-EC®; AVOMEC®; DYNAMEC®; INJECT-A- CIDE AV®; MK 936®(B 1A ); BOVITIN®; DORATECT®; DUOMECTIN®; DUOTIN®; ENDECTO®; ENZEC®; L 676,863® (B 1A ); MK 0936®; MK 936®; PARAFOIL®; VERTIMEC®, VERTIMIL®; VIVID®; ZECTIN®; ZEPHEYR®; ZEPHYR®

Метаболический путь

Abamectin contains the closely related avermectin B_1a and B_1b as the active ingredients. Avermectin B_1a contains a sec-butyl moiety whereas avermectin B_1b contains an isopropyl moiety. Chemical degradation and metabolism studies were conducted with avermectin B_1a radiolabelled with ³H or ¹⁴C at various positions of this large molecule. The overall fates of avermectin B_1a and B_1b are similar since transformations at the butyl or propyl moiety were not observed.
Avermectin B_1a is stable to hydrolytic degradation, but it is readily degraded to numerous products in aqueous solutions, soil, glass and plant foliage/fruit surfaces after light irradiation. Isomerisation and O-demethylation appear to the primary degradation reactions. In addition, hydroxylation is a major metabolic reaction in animals. Significant amounts of the residues in plants and animals were characterised as unidentified polar components.

Меры предосторожности

During use of Abamectin, occupational workers should use safety glasses, gloves, and protective clothing to prevent prolonged skin contact, and work in good ventilation.