Изоамилнитрит

Описание

Amyl nitrite had been used clinically as early as 1867, when the Scottish physician Sir Thomas Brunton used it as a vasodilator as treatment for angina pectoris in his patients. In the late 1880s, a protective effect on cyanide toxicity in canines was noted when amyl nitrite was inhaled postexposure. Amyl nitrite has been used clinically in a multicomponent cyanide antidote kit and is also a recreational drug of abuse (‘poppers’).

Химические свойства

Isoamyl Nitrite is flammable and explosive and decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight.

Использование

Isoamyl nitrite is a light yellow, transparent liquid with a pleasant, fragrant, fruity odor. Amyl nitrite was introduced to medicine in 1859 and has been under considerable pharmacological investigation since that time. Its major use was for treating angina pectoris through its vasodilative effect on the coronary arteries. However, this effect is transient, and nitroglycerin and longer acting nitrates have largely replaced it. Amyl nitrite has been most helpful in clarifying the differential diagnosis of murmurs. For example, left ventricular outflowobstruction increases followingamyl nitrite administration. Mitral regurgitation decreases following amyl nitrite as does the apical diastolic rumble of mitral stenosis. The Austin–Flint rumble decreases followingamyl nitrite as does a ventricular septal defect and acyanotic tetralogy of Fallot. Pulmonic stenosis increases as does isolated valvular pulmonary stenosis following amyl nitrite.
Isoamyl nitrite has also been reportedly used for inhalation abuse. The symptoms following inhalation of large doses by humans are flushing of the face, pulsatile headache, disturbing tachycardia, cyanosis (methemoglobinemia), weakness, confusion, restlessness, faintness, and collapse, particularly if the individual is standing. The symptoms are usually of short duration. Industrial intoxication has not been reported.

Определение

ChEBI: Isoamyl nitrite is a nitrite ester having isopentyl as the alkyl group. It has a role as a vasodilator agent and an antihypertensive agent. It derives from an isoamylol.

Общее описание

Clear yellow liquid.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Highly flammable. Decomposes on exposure to air and light. Insoluble in water.

Профиль реактивности

Isoamyl nitrite is an oxidizing agent but can serve as a reducing agent. Forms explosive mixtures with air or oxygen. .

Опасность

Flammable, dangerous fire risk, a strong oxidizer. Vapor may explode if ignited.

Пожароопасность

Isoamyl nitrite is flammable.

Возможный контакт

Amyl nitrite is used to make pharmaceuticals; perfumes, diazonium compounds, and other chemicals.

Экологическая судьба

The primary mechanism of toxicity develops from the powerful oxidative effects of nitrites on hemoglobin. Methemoglobinemia, which develops when the iron atom in hemoglobin loses one electron to an oxidant, causing a change from the ferrous (2+) state to the ferric (3+) state, may cause cellular hypoxia. When methemoglobin levels exceed 10–15%, cyanosis may be evident. Nitrites also cause vasodilation by direct action on smooth muscle. Physical effects include decreases in blood pressure, headache, flushing of the face, increased heart rate, dizziness, and relaxation of involuntary muscles, especially of the blood vessels and the anal sphincter.
Amyl nitrite may be irritating to the lungs and throat when breathed in. With exposure to the skin, amyl nitrite has irritant properties. It can also be readily absorbed, causing systemic effects with skin contact.

Перевозки

UN1993 Flammable liquids, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid, Technical Name Required.

Несовместимости

Vapors may form explosive mixture with air. Slowly decomposes in light, heat, and on contact with water. A strong oxidizer. Contact with reducing agents and easily oxidizable materials may cause fire and explosions. Reported to be an explosion hazard when exposed to air and light. Keep away from alcohols, antipyrine, alkaline materials; alkaline carbonates; potassium iodide; bromides, and ferrous salts. Attacks metals in the presence of moisture.

Утилизация отходов

Incineration with scrubber to remove nitrogen oxides from the combustion gases.