СТРИХНИН

Описание

Strychnine, C21H22N2O2, Mr 334.4, mp 270–280 ?C (decomp.), forms colorless crystals which are slightly soluble in water, moderately in benzene, ethanol, readily soluble in chloroform [9, p. 1121].

Химические свойства

Strychnine is a colorless crystalline prisms or white powder. It is odorless; with a bitter taste

Физические свойства

Colorless to white, odorless crystals. Bitter taste.

Использование

Strychnine occurs in the seeds of strychnosspecies (S. nux vomica L., S. Loganiaceae,and S. ignatii Berg). The total alkaloid con tent in these plants is 2–3%. The composition of strychnine in these species rangesbetween 1% and 3%. Strychnine is widelyknown as a poison. Its therapeutic applica tions are very limited. It is used as a rodentpoison.

Методы производства

Strychnine is extracted from Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. The very complex chemical synthesis has been achieved by WOODWARD et al. (74).

Определение

strychnine: A colourless poisonouscrystalline alkaloid found in certainplants.

Показания

Strychnine is clinically used for the treatment of barbiturate poisoning, hemiplegia, amblyopia, blood diseases, and streptomycin toxicity. Strychnine is used to treat aplastic anemia.

Определение

ChEBI: Strychnine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position. It has a role as an avicide, a glycine receptor antagonist, a cholinergic antagonist, a rodenticide and a neurotransmitter agent. It is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid and an organic heteroheptacyclic compound. It is a conjugate base of a strychnine(1+). It derives from a hydride of a strychnidine.

Всемирная организация здравоохранения(ВОЗ)

Strychnine, the principal alkaloid present in nux vomica, was first used in medicine several centuries ago. However, it has no demonstrated therapeutic value and there is no current justification for its presence in any medication. It continues to be used as a rodenticide though such use is severely restricted in many countries since accidental ingestion can be lethal.

Общее описание

Colorless, transparent crystals or white crystalline powder. Has no odor. Used for destroying rodents and predatory animals and for trapping fur-bearing animals.

Профиль реактивности

STRYCHNINE is an alkaloid derivative. STRYCHNINE is a base and forms water soluble salts with acids. Avoid alkalis, alkali carbonates and bicarbonates, benzoates, dichromates, bromides, iodides, tannic and picric acids, salicylates, borax, gold chloride and other alkaloid precipitants, piperazine, potassium-mercuric iodide. Protect from light. [EPA, 1998]. STRYCHNINE is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers .

Опасность

Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Central nervous system impairment.

Угроза здоровью

Strychnine is a highly toxic alkaloid. Itcauses hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli.It is a powerful convulsant. This results inrespiratory and metabolic acidosis (Hodgson et al. 1988). Death occurs from asphyxiaafter a few seizures. Its convulsant actionsare attributed to the antagonism of theinhibitory effects of glycine. It excites allportions of the central nervous system. Itproduces green-colored vision, which is aneffect of sensory disorders. Toxic symptomsfrom continued medication with strychnineinclude photophobia, muscular rigidity, stiff ness in joints, lassitude, and headache (vonOettingen 1952, ACGIH 1986). Ingestion of0.1 g may be fatal to humans.
LD50 value, oral (mice): 2 mg/kg
Intravenous administration of diazepamis applied for the treatment of strychninepoisoning.

Пожароопасность

When heated, emits highly toxic fumes. Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. Protect from light.

Сельскохозяйственное использование

Rodenticide, Avicide: Strychnine products are allowed for use only below ground where exposure to food and feed crops is not expected. It can be used in orchards, feed crop sites, pastures, range land, alfalfa fields, irrigation systems, non-agriculture rights-of-way, forests, and residential sites. Pocket gophers are primary targets. Not listed for use in EU countries. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP)

Торговое название

BOOMER-RID®; CERTOX®; DOLCO MOUSE CEREAL®; GOPHER BAIT®; GOPHERGETTER®; GOPHER-GO AG BAIT®; HARE-RID®; KWIK-KIL®; MOLE DEATH®; MOUSE-NOTS®; MOUSE-RID®; MOUSE-TOX®; NUX VOMICA®; PIED PIPER MOUSE SEED® (strychnine); RO-DEX®; SANASEED®

Клиническое использование

Strychnine is commonly used in the treatment of flaccid paralysis, ENT diseases, diabetes, neurasthenia, acute myelitis, peripheral neuritis, and aplastic anemia in clinic. However, due to the relatively high toxicity of strychnine, excessive or longterm use of strychnine may lead to poison. Studies have shown that the combination of Strychnos and Glycyrrhiza or cinnamon can reduce the toxicity of strychnine. Therefore, further study of poisoning mechanism and toxicokinetics of strychnine is of great significance for the clinical safety

Профиль безопасности

Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by ingestion, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental reproductive effects. An allergen. Lethal dose to man: 30-60 mg/kg. If ingested, the time of action depends upon the condition of the stomach, whether empty or full, and the nature of the food present. If taken by subcutaneous injection, the place of administration of the injection will affect the time of action. The first symptoms are a feeling of uneasiness with a heightened reflex of irritability, followed by muscular twitching in some parts of the body. With larger doses, this is followed by a sense of impending suffocation. Convulsive movements begin that have the effect of mechanically causing the patient to cry out or to shriek; then follow the characteristic spasms, which set in with violence. These are at first clonic and then tonic. There are successive attacks of spasms. With each successive attack, the symptoms become more violent, eventually resulting in death. A rodenticide. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Возможный контакт

de, requiring a certified applicator. Strychnine is an alkaloid compound that has been widely used as a rodenticide/bait to kill rodents; a medicine, respiratory stimulant. A potential danger to those involved in the extraction the seeds of the Strychnos nux vomica, Strychnos ignatii (S. sancta Ingnatius), and Strychnos tiente (Upas tree); formulation or application of this rodent poison. The sulfate is used to kill gophers and moles. A common adulterant in illicit street drugs. Listed as a potential WMD biotoxin.

Экологическая судьба

Chemical/Physical. Reacts with acids forming water-soluble salts (Worthing and Hance, 1991). Emits toxic nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1990).

Метаболический путь

Strychnine is used for the control of rodents in field situations and experiments on its sorption and degradation in soil have been reported but with very little information specifically on metabolic pathways. Metabolism in rats has been conducted and this has been supported by studies in vitro using liver microsomes from several species. A picture of its metabolism has been established but further work on minor pathways and conjugation may be necessary.

Перевозки

UN1692 Strychnine or strychnine salts, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous material.

Методы очистки

It crystallises from CHCl3/Et2O and sublimes at 125o/0.01mm. It can also be purified by conversion to the hydrochloride [m 275-295o (dec), []D -44o (0.03N HCl)] with aqueous HCl, then neutralisation with ammonia. [Beilstein 27 II 723, 27 III/IV 7530.] It is POISONOUS.

Несовместимости

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Dangerous when heated; forms toxic fumes, including nitrogen oxides. In the body, caffeine may increase the strychnine effect.

Утилизация отходов

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform to EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Careful incineration has been recommended for disposal. Two procedures are suggested. Pour or sift onto a thick layer of sand and soda ash mixture (90-10). Mix and shovel into a heavy paper box with much paper packing Burn in incinerator. Fire may be augmented by adding excelsior and scrap wood. Stay on the upwind side. Waste may be dissolved in flammable solvent (alcohols, benzene, etc.) and sprayed into fire box of an incinerator with afterburner and scrubber.

использованная литература

Regnault., Annalen, 26, 17 (1838)
Watson, Sen.,!. Ind. Chem. Soc., 3,397 (1926)
Schwyzer., Die Fabrikation der Alkaloide, (Berlin, 1927)
Leuchs, Beyer., Ber., 68, 290 (1935)
Clemo., J. Chem. Soc., 1695 (1936)
Briggs, Openshaw, Robinson., ibid, 903 (1946)
Chakravarti, Robinson., Nature, 160, 18 (1947)
Woodward., ibid, 162, 155 (1948)
Woodward., Tetrahedron, 19,247 (1963)
Nagarajan etal., Helv. Chim. Acta, 46, 1212 (1963)
Sandberg et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 6217 (1968)
Absolute configuration: Peerdemann., Acta Cryst., 9,824 (1956)
Pharmacology: Lambruschini., Rev. Soc. argent. biol., 14, 353 (1938)
Travell., J. Pharm. expo Ther., 69,21 (1940)
Weigmann., Arch. expo Path. Pharm., 196, 521 (1940)
Raymond-Hamet., Bull. sci. pharmacol., 48, 306 (I 941)
Coppee, Coppee-Bolly., Arch. intern. physiol., 51,97 (1941)
Abreu, Woodbury., J. Pharm. expo Ther., 78, 321 (1943)