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Tauroursodeoxycholic acid NEW
- Min. Order1kg
- Purity99.99
- Cas No14605-22-2
- Supply Ability10000
- Update time2025-11-28
China
Since:2024-12-18
Address:No. 32 Binhai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou City, Hainan Province, China
| Product Name | Tauroursodeoxycholic acid |
| CAS No | 14605-22-2 |
| EC-No | 1308068-626-2 |
| Min. Order | 1kg |
| Purity | 99.99 |
| Supply Ability | 10000 |
| Release date | 2025/11/28 |
Chemical Properties
| Melting point | 173-175°C |
| Density | 1.216±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted) |
| refractive index | 46 ° (C=1, EtOH) |
| storage temp. | 15-25℃ |
| solubility | Soluble in DMSO (up to 30 mg/ml) or in Ethanol (up to 20 mg/ml with warming) |
| pka | 1.42±0.50(Predicted) |
| form | solid |
| color | White |
| Stability | Stable for 1 year from date of purchase as supplied. Solutions in DMSO or ethanol may be stored at -20°C for up to 1 month. |
| InChIKey | BHTRKEVKTKCXOH-LBSADWJPSA-N |
| SMILES | [C@@]12([H])CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCC(=O)NCCS(=O)(=O)O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])[C@@]3(C)CC[C@@H](O)C[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@@]21[H] |&1:0,4,5,18,22,24,28,31,34,36,r| |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 14605-22-2(CAS DataBase Reference) |
Safety Information
| Safety Statements | 22-24/25 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| RTECS | KI7372500 |
| HS Code | 29242990 |
| Toxicity | mouse,LD50,intravenous,350mg/kg (350mg/kg),Japanese Kokai Tokyo Koho Patents. Vol. #92-235918, |
Usage And Synthesis
Figure 1 The chemical structure of TUDCA.
Bear bile was historically employed to treat a number of diseases including jaundice, summer diarrhea, abdominal pain due to hepatobiliary diseases and gastric malfunction, biliary ascariasis, infectious skin diseases, the common cold, intestinal worms, and inflammation of the throat[2]. The principal bile acid that makes up bear bile is UDCA and its conjugates. UDCA and TUDCA make up 47 % of the biliary bile acid pool in the North American Black Bear, whereas in other vertebrates, are found in <5 % proportions[3]. Both TUDCA and UDCA circulate in plasma and comprise 28 % of circulating bile acids in bears and <1 % in humans[4, 5]. UDCA was first used as treatment of cholelithiasis in the 1970s[6]. In the 1980s and early 1990s, published studies concluded that treatment with UDCA might prove to be a safe and effective option for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis[7, 8]. Soon after, TUDCA was shown to protect against cholestasis and have greater cytoprotective effects along with decreased lithocholate formation compared to UDCA treatment[9, 10].
Studies have shown that TUDCA is active in multiple steps of the apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, in physiological processes, and in many diseases[14]. TUDCA acts to inhibit apoptosis by modulating both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, activating cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB), and initiating cell survival pathways. In early studies of TUDCA and its cytoprotective effects, it was shown that TUDCA prevents release of cytochrome c, cytosolic caspase activation, and cleavage of the nuclear enzyme PARP to halt the apoptotic pathway[15]. In addition, a study published in 2000 showed that TUDCA prevents the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and the translocation of BAX from the cytosol[16]. TUDCA is equally effective at reducing p53-induced apoptosis and modulating the expression of Bcl-2[17]. P53 upregulates apoptotic proteins such as BAX and apoptotic protease－activating factor 1(Apaf-1), so by inhibiting p53 TUDCA can control the action of various other proteins involved in the mitochondrial pathway. TUDCA can also inhibit the action of caspase 2, 3, 6, and 9 either directly or indirectly helping to stop caspase-dependent apoptosis[18].
TUDCA modulates Amyloid-beta-induced apoptosis
Aβ peptide is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s, where there is a loss of neuronal cells through the process of apoptosis[19]. Aβ causes significant induction of apoptosis in cortical neurons and is associated with a translocation of pro-apoptotic BAX to the mitochondria[20]. TUDCA modulates this event and the subsequent steps of cytochrome c release, caspase activation and DNA/Nuclear fragmentation. It also inhibits Aβ peptide-induced apoptosis via modulation of the PI3K signaling cascade and regulation of the E2F-1/ p53/BAX pathway[21]. Moreover, TUDCA counteracts Aβ-induced apoptosis through interaction with the mineralocorticoid receptor(MR), which is an inhibitor of apoptosis[22]. MR decreases p53 levels and changes the ratio of pro-relative to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 members. TUDCA targets a region of MR ligand binding domain and dissociates the nuclear steroid receptor(NSR) from heat shock protein-90. From here, the TUDCA/NSR complex translocates to the nucleus and modulates NSR activity, where it reduces Aβ-induced apoptosis.
TUDCA modulates ER stress
The ER plays an important role in regulating cellular responses to stress[23]. The ER reads and integrates apoptotic signals and can initiate an ERS mediated pathway to apoptosis. Accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER induces ERS. This accumulation of mis-folded proteins leads to the unfolded protein response(UPR), which can either cause the cell to undergo apoptosis or to fix the unfolded proteins and restore balance. TUDCA has been shown to inhibit ERS and block the UPR before it needs to be initiated. PERK[PKR[RNA-dependent kinase]-like ER kinase] is a part of the UPR[24]. TUDCA activates PERK which leads to the inactivation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2(EIF2). This causes a reduction in protein synthesis, halting aggregation of mis-folded proteins. Any proteins left over are degraded through autophagy.
TUDCA modulates protein kinase C
TUDCA is a significant calcium agonist and induces a sustained increase in free Ca2+ ions[25]. Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-sensitive calcium stores are modulated by TUDCA, causing a calcium influx across the plasma membrane via calcium ion channels[26]. Influx of calcium across the hepatocellular membrane via Ni-sensitive calcium channels and intracellular calcium oscillations plays a role in vesicular exocytosis. Protein kinase C(PKC) helps to control calcium influx and secretory events, as well as stimulating biliary exocytosis[27]. Translocation of PKC occurs by a calcium-dependent manner and binding of membrane phospholipid cofactors, such as phosphatidylserine(PS). In addition, activation of PKC occurs by binding of diacylglycerol to the Ca-PKC-PS complex. TUDCA activates membrane-associated PKC and increases its activity of reducing ischemic damage and increasing secretory events[26]. TUDCA’s effect on hepatocellular calcium with subsequent involvement in the activation of PKC shows that TUDCA activates complex patterns of signals in hepatocytes to increase apical membrane exocytosis.
TUDCA may prove to be an effective treatment in patients suffering from a heart attack. Rivard et al.[29] conducted a study on the effect of TUDCA following MI in rats. The authors tested whether administering TUDCA to rats prior to an MI would improve cardiac function. TUDCA was administered prior to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. TUNEL and caspase-3 activity were assessed 24 h post-injury to detect apoptosis. TUNEL labeling showed a reduction in apoptotic cells, and caspase-3 activity was significantly reduced in rats given TUDCA prior to ischemic heart injury. At 4 weeks post-injury, TUDCA-administrated rats showed a significantly smaller infarct area in the myocardium compared to the control. The TUDCA group also showed improvement in shortening fraction assessed via ultrasound. The authors concluded that TUDCA could be a viable option for reducing apoptosis in MI.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) is a serious injury with incidence of 24.6 cases per 100,000 person years(with 30-day and 1-year mortality rates of 40 and 54 %, respectively)[30]. Only 12–39 % of patients with ICH achieve long-term functional independence[30]. Recent work has shown that apoptosis is a major pathological process in ICH, and apoptotic-inhibiting therapies may provide a new approach to treatment. Caspase-3 levels are raised during ICH and DNA fragmentation occurs, both markers for apoptosis[31]. Researchers have hypothesized treatment of ICH with TUDCA since it is a potent apoptosis inhibitor. Rodrigues et al.[32] determined that TUDCA reduces apoptosis and protects neurons from acute hemorrhagic stroke in a rat model of ICH. TUDCA was administered 1 h before, 1 h after, or 3 h after the ICH onset. The authors showed that TUDCA administered at all time points in the study reduced lesion volumes at 2 days by as much as 50 % and apoptosis was decreased by 50 % in the perihematoma regions. Rotational symmetry, limb placement, and stepping ability, markers to assess neurobehavioral deficits were improved in the treated groups. TUDCA modulated Bcl-2 expression, activated the AKt-1/protein survival pathway, and induced BAD phosphorylation. Akt phosphorylates BAD and blocks BAD-induced death of primary neurons[33]. They concluded that TUDCA was promising in the treatment of hemorrhagic stroke due to its neuro-protective effects and safe clinical use.
Ischemic Stroke
During hypoxic ischemia, cell death occurs via apoptosis and necrosis. There is an overexpression of BAX in tissue following focal ischemia, indicating increased levels of apoptosis[34]. Caspase inhibitors have been shown to be neuro-protective in rat models of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury demonstrating a role of apoptosis in ischemia-related injuries[35]. Hypotheses behind this phenomenon are that damage created by ischemia induces apoptosis if ischemia is prolonged and necrosis occurs. Treatments inhibiting apoptosis could show promise in improving outcomes from ischemia-related diseases and others listed above[14]. In fact, Endres et al.[36] showed that inhibitors of apoptosis, specifically caspase inhibitors, reduce brain damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Other Neurological and Non-neurological Diseases
Neuroprotective effects of TUDCA in preclinical studies of Huntington’s disease(HD) have shown to significantly reduce striatal neuropathology in the transgenic mice model of HD mouse[37]. TUDCA has also shown to suppress Aβ-induced apoptosis in multiple models of Alzheimer’s disease(AD). In Parkinson’s disease(PD), the loss of neurons is mainly mediated by apoptosis triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction and increase in reactive oxygen species(ROS).
TUDCA was demonstrated to have a beneficial role in survival and function of nigral transplant in a rat model of PD[38] and also to partially rescue mitochondrial dysfunction in genetic PD models in Caenorhabditis elegans[39]. Recently, TUDCA has been shown to be safe and potentially effective in the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or ALS(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08834
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Hagey LR, Crombie DL, Espinosa E, Carey MC, Igimi H, Hofmann AF. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the Ursidae: biliary bile acids of bears, pandas, and related carnivores. J Lipid Res. 1993; 34(11]:1911–7.
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Rodrigues CM, Stieers CL, Keene CD, Ma X, Kren BT, Low WC, Steer CJ. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid partially prevents apoptosis induced by 3-nitropropionic acid: evidence for a mitochondrial pathway independent of the permeability transition. J Neurochem. 2000;75(6]:2368–79.
Ramalho RM, Borralho PM, Castro RE, Sola S, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid modulates p53-mediated apoptosis in Alzheimer’s disease mutant neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem. 2006;98(5]:1610–8.
Ramalho RM, Viana RJ, Low WC, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM. Bile acids and apoptosis modulation: an emerging role in experimental Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Mol Med. 2008;14(2]:54–62.
Sola S, Castro RE, Laires PA, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid prevents amyloid-beta peptide-induced neuronal death via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signaling pathway. Mol Med. 2003;9(9–12]:226–34.
Viana RJ, Nunes AF, Castro RE, Ramalho RM, Meyerson J, Fossati S, Ghiso J, Rostagno A, Rodrigues CM. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid prevents E22Q Alzheimer’s Abeta toxicity in human cerebral endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009;66(6]:1094–104
Ramalho RM, Ribeiro PS, Sola S, Castro RE, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM. Inhibition of the E2F-1/p53/Bax pathway by tauroursodeoxycholic acid in amyloid beta-peptide-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells. J Neurochem. 2004;90(3]:567–75.
Sola S, Amaral JD, Borralho PM, Ramalho RM, Castro RE, Aranha MM, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM. Functional modulation of nuclear steroid receptors by tauroursodeoxycholic acid reduces amyloid beta-peptide-induced apoptosis. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20(10]:2292–303.
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Gani AR, Uppala JK, Ramaiah KV. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid prevents stress induced aggregation of proteins in vitro and promotes PERK activation in HepG2 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2015;568:8–15.
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TUDCA prevents cholestasis and canalicular damage induced by ischemiareperfusion injury in the rat, modulating PKCalpha-ezrin pathway. Transpl Int. 2008;21(8]:792–800.
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Duan WM, Rodrigues CM, Zhao LR, Steer CJ, Low WC. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid improves the survival and function of nigral transplants in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Cell Transplant. 2002;11(3]:195–205.
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There were no significant differences in adverse events between those receiving standard immunosuppressants versus those receiving bile acids in addition. Other trials in liver cirrhosis (up to 6 months) and ALS (1 year) have also reported that TUDCA is well-tolerated with diarrhea being the only side effect (Elia et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2016; Pan et al., 2013; Crosignani et al., 1996).
Tauroursodeoxycholic-Acid-Cognitive-Vitality-For-Researchers
2) Chen?et al.?(2016),?Chemical chaperones reduce ER stress and adipose tissue inflammation in high fat diet-induced mouse model of obesity; Sci. Rep., 6?27486
3) Lebeaupin?et al. (2015),?ER stress induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and hepatocyte death; Cell Death Dis.,?6?e1879
4) Nunes?et al.?(2012),?TUDCA, a bile acid, attenuates amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid-β deposition in APP/PS1 mice; Mol. Neurobiol.?45?440
Company Profile Introduction
Anhuyan (Hainan) Biotechnology Co., LTD, factory was founded in 2014 and has been engaged in the research and development and production of fine chemical raw materials and chemical reagents for a long time. The company has strong technical strength. Its products sell well all over the country and are exported abroad. It is deeply trusted by users and is rated as a high-tech enterprise in Hubei province. After years of development, it has now formed a variety of product series, biological buffer series; Amino acid and amino acid derivatives series; Natural cosmetic raw material Series; Chemical reagent series; Pharmaceutical and chemical raw materials and intermediates, etc. We are committed to the development of high-quality products, which have been widely used in daily chemicals, food additives, textile additives, lubricating oil, resin, pesticide, medicine and chemical industry and other industries. Products include: Condo, CAPS,TRIS, dehydrorosin, polypropylene amine hydrochloride, 5,6-dihydroxyindole, chromium acetylpyruvate, tetraacetyl ribose, phosphomolybdic acid, molybdenum acid, 4-aminoantipyrine, dihydrochalcone, dithiosulfontanol (DTT),5-isoquinoline sulfonic acid, 6-benzylaminopyrine, isopropylate, camphoroquinone, silk fibroin, docurate sodium, etc. New loyalty customers are welcome to come for consultation and purchase. Our company was renamed Hubei Yiling biotechnology LTD in 2014. It is a comprehensive high-tech modern enterprise integrating research and development, production and sales. Its sales company and research and development center are located in Guanggu biological City Medical Park, Wuhan city, Hubei Province. The company covers an area of 66279.6 sqm and has 2 production bases and 2 modern scientific research centers. The company has the international leading technical level, and has a group of professional scientific research personnel engaged in this industry. The academic leaders have a doctor's degree or above and have many years of
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