H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (trifluoroactetate salt)

H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (VPP) is a peptide inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; IC50 = 9 µM).1 It inhibits acetylcholine-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at a concentration of 1 µM and induces vasorelaxation in precontracted isolated rat aortic rings.2 VPP (0.3 mg/kg) decreases systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive, but not normotensive, rats.3 Dietary administration of VPP reduces plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides, expression of Il6 and Il1b, and aortic arch intimal thickening and atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice.4WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

[1] YASUNORI NAKAMURA. Purification and Characterization of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors from Sour Milk[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1995, 78 4: Pages 777-783. DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76689-9
[2] TATSUHIKO HIROTA. Milk casein-derived tripeptides, VPP and IPP induced NO production in cultured endothelial cells and endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated aortic rings.[J]. Heart and Vessels, 2011, 26 5: 549-556. DOI: 10.1007/s00380-010-0096-y
[3] YASUNORI NAKAMURA. Antihypertensive Effect of Sour Milk and Peptides Isolated from It That are Inhibitors to Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1995, 78 6: Pages 1253-1257. DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76745-5
[4] TEPPEI NAKAMURA. Milk-derived peptides, Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro, attenuate atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice: a preliminary study.[J]. Journal of medicinal food, 2013, 16 5: 396-403. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2541