ジクロルボス

外観

無色澄明の液体

性質

ジクロルボスは水に溶けにくく、有機溶剤に溶けやすいという性質を持ちます。また、アルカリ性の水溶液に溶かすと加水分解されます。ジクロルボスは、毒物及び劇物取締法における劇物に指定されている化合物です。

危険有害性に関する情報として、経口・経皮・吸入での摂取による強い毒性、皮膚および眼への強い刺激があります。ジクロルボスを誤って摂取した場合、頭痛、倦怠感、吐き気などの症状が現れ、重篤な場合では意識混濁や死亡する可能性もあるため、使用には注意が必要です。

ジクロルボスを使用する際は、保護メガネ、呼吸器の保護具、保護衣、保護手袋などの保護具を着用してください。なお、特に高濃度のジクロルボスについては、二トリルゴムおよび塩ビは適切な保護材料ではないため、ネオプレンの保護手袋が推奨されています。

また、ジクロルボスを含む薬剤を大量に散布するような場合は、全面耐薬品性防護服とブーツの着用が推奨されています。使用前に安全データシートや商品の使用説明書をよく確認してください。

溶解性

水に微溶 (1g/100ml, 20℃)。殆どの有機溶剤に可溶。水8g/l(25℃)芳香族炭化水素, アルコールなどと混和する。エタノールに極めて溶けやすく、水に溶けにくい。

解説

ジクロルボス，農薬・殺虫剤の一。有機リン系化合物で毒性が強く、ハエ・蚊・ゴキブリなどの害虫駆除に効果がある。残留性は低いとされる。DDVP。[補説]平成20年（2008）中国製輸入冷凍ギョーザやインゲンから検出されたことなどから、社会問題となった。

小学館 デジタル大辞泉について　情報 | 凡例

用途

殺虫剤、燻蒸剤、殺ダニ剤

効能

駆虫薬, アセチルコリンエステラーゼ阻害薬

農薬用途

動物薬、殺虫剤

使用上の注意

不活性ガス封入

説明

Cases of sensitization to dichlorvos have been seen in chrysanthem growers, horticulturists, technicians and in a chemist.

化学的特性

Dichlorvos is available as an oily colourless to amber liquid with an aromatic chemical odour. It is slightly soluble in water but soluble in kerosene, ethanol, chloroform, and acetone and miscible with alcohol, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, aerosol propellants, and other non-polar solvents. Dichlorvos in contact with strong acids or alkalis undergoes decomposition and releases hazardous products toxic gases and vapours such as phosphorus, chlorinated oxides, and carbon monoxide.

物理的性質

Colorless to yellow liquid with a mild aromatic odor

使用

Dichlorvos is used for the control of household and public health insect pests and the control of sucking and chewing pests in a wide range of crops. It is used as a veterinary anthelmintic, as an ectoparasiticide on fish and domestic pets and a vapour phase domestic insecticide as well for the control of phorid and sciarid flies in mushroom compost.

定義

ChEBI: An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.

一般的な説明

An aromatic colorless to amber liquid absorbed in a dry carrier. Denser than water and slightly soluble in water. Toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, absorption, or ingestion. Flash point 175°F or higher. When heated to high temperatures may emit toxic chloride fumes and phosgene gas. Used as a pesticide.

空気と水の反応

Slightly soluble in water.

反応プロフィール

DICHLORVOS MIXTURE is incompatible with strong acids and bases. Dichlorvos is slowly hydrolyzed in acidic media and rapidly hydrolyzed by alkalis. Dichlorvos is corrosive to iron and mild steel. . Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

健康ハザード

Exposures to dichlorvos through all routes, namely, oral, dermal, and respiratory, cause adverse effects to species of laboratory animals, such as rats, mice, and rabbits. The symptoms of poisoning include perspiration, nausea, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, and in severe cases, tremors, ataxia, convulsions, and coma.
Humans exposed to dichlorvos show many symptoms of poisoning that include, but are not limited to, irritability, confusion, headache, speech diffi culties, sweating, blurred vision, drowsiness or insomnia, numbness, tingling sensations, incoordination, tremor, abdominal cramps, diffi culty in breathing or respiratory depression and slow heart beat, impaired memory concentration, disorientation, and severe depressions.

火災危険

Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

使用用途

有機リン化合物であるジクロルボスはアセチルコリンエステラーゼ阻害剤であり、生物の体内で神経伝達物質であるアセチルコリンエステラーゼの活性を阻害する結果、過剰量のアセチルコリンが分解されないまま神経に作用し、殺虫効果を発揮します。

ジクロルボスは即効性の高い殺虫成分ですが、残留性が低いという特徴があるため、茶、桑、果樹、野菜、キノコなど広い用途に使用可能です。ジクロルボスは40～80％の濃度の乳剤、または燻煙剤として販売されています。

乳剤を希釈して散布するか、燻煙材を用いて燻煙することによって農作物への農薬として使用します。また、もう1つのジクロルボスの主な用途は防疫用殺虫剤です。ジクロルボスは動物用医薬品として薬事法によって承認されており、鶏舎や畜舎の衛生を管理するための殺虫剤や、馬用の寄生虫駆除剤として使用されています。

その他、ゴキブリやハエ駆除のための家庭用殺虫剤も用途の1つです。日本国内では、主に殺虫用燻蒸剤の成分としてジクロルボスが使用されています。

廃棄処分方法

ジクロルボスは、水生生物に対して強い毒性を持っています。そのため、ジクロルボスやジクロルボスを含む溶液を直接河川に放出したり、埋め立て投棄することは推奨されていません。

ジクロルボスは、各地方自治体のルールに従い、都道府県知事の許可を受けた産業廃棄物処理業者などに依頼して適切に廃棄処理してください。

参考文献

农业用途

Insecticide, Acaricide, Nematicide: Dichlorvos is used for insect control in food-storage areas, green-houses, and barns, and control of insects on livestock. It is not generally used on outdoor crops. Dichlorvos is sometimes used for insect control in workplaces and in the home. Dichlorvos used in pest control is diluted with other chemicals and used as a spray. It can also be incorporated into plastic that slowly releases the chemical. Veterinarians use it to control parasites on pets. Dichlorvos is effective against mushroom flies, aphids, spider mites, caterpillars, thrips, and white flies in greenhouse, outdoor fruit, and vegetable crops. It is used to treat a variety of parasitic worm infections in dogs, livestock, and humans. Dichlorvos can be fed to livestock to control botfly larvae in the manure. It acts against insects as both a contact and a stomach poison. It is used as a fumigant and has been used to make pet collars and pest strips. It is available as an aerosol and soluble concentrate. Not approved for use in EU countries. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP). Dichlorvos also exists as a breakdown product.

製品名

ALCO® Dichlorvos; APAVAP®; ASTROBOT®; ATGARD®; BAY 19149®; BAYER 19149®; BENFOS®; BIBESOL®; BREVINYL®; BREVINYL E 50®; CANOGARD®; CEKUSAN®; CYPONA®; DEDEVAP®; DERRIBAN®; DERRIBANTE®; DES®; DEVIKOL®; DICLORCAL 50®; DIDIVANE; DIVIPAN®; DOOM®; DQUIGARD®; DUO-KILL®; DURAVOS®; ELASTREL®; EQUIGARD®[C]; EQUIGEL®[C]; ESTROSEL®; ESTROSOL®; FECAMA®; FEKAMA®; FLY-DIE®; FLY FIGHTER®; HERKOL®; INSECTIGAS D®; KRECALVIN®; LINDAN®; MAFU®; MARVEX®; MOPARI®; NEFRAFOS®; NERKOL®; NOGOS®; NOPEST®; NOVOTOX®; NUVA®; NUVAN®; OKO®; OMS 14®; PANAPLATE®; PHOSVIT®; PRENTOX®; SD 1750®; SUCHLOR®; SZKLARNIAK®; TAP 9VP®; TASK®; TENAC®; TETRAVOS®; UNIFOS (PESTICIDE)®; UNITOX®; VAPONA® et al. [C]; VAPONITE®; VERDICAN®; VERDIPOR®; VERDISOL®; VINYLOFOS®; VINYLOPHOS®; WINYLOPHOS®

接触アレルゲン

Cases of sensitization to this organophosphorus compound with several commercial names (Benfos, Brevinyl, Chlorvinphos, DDVP, Equigard, Fly fghte, Nogos, and Unifos) were occupationally seen in chry- santhem growers, horticulturists, technicians, and in a chemist.

安全性プロファイル

Confirmed carcinogen with carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Poison by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. A cholinesterase inhibitor, it is used in flea (pest) collars for pets. No neurotoxicity has been observed. It is very rapidly metabolized and excreted. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cl and POx. See also PARATHION.

職業ばく露

A potential danger to those involved in manufacture, formulation and application of this fumigant insecticide in household, public health and agricultural uses. Used as an insecticide and as an anthelminthic for swine and dogs.

発がん性

Two epidemiological studies reporting an association between exposure to dichlorvos resin strips and childhood cancer were reviewed by EPA and found to have biases and confounders that could explain the observed associations. Additional studies that correct for the control of potential biases and problems of exposure determination are needed before an association between dichlorvos and childhood cancer can be established.

代謝経路

The metabolism of dichlorvos has been extensively studied particularly in mammals. Dichlorvos is rapidly transformed in both environmental and biological situations via a hydrolytic mechanism to yield dimethyl phosphate and dichloroacetaldehyde which is further metabolised to 2,2-dichloroethanol or dechlorinated to glycolic acid. An additional important route in mammals involves demethylation catalysed by glutathione-S-methyl transferase to yield methylglutathione and desmethyldichlorvos.

輸送方法

UN3018 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials

不和合性

Contact with oxidizers may cause the release of phosphorous oxides. Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides Corrosive to iron, mild steel, some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings

廃棄物の処理

50% hydrolysis is obtained in pure water in 25 minutes @ 70_x0003_°C and in 61.5 days @ 20C. A buffered solution yields 50% hydrolysis (37.5°C) in 301 minutes at pH 8, 462 minutes at pH 7, 620 minutes at pH 5.4. Hydrolysis yields no toxic residues. Incineration in a furnace equipped with an afterburner and alkaline scrubber is recommended as is alkaline hydrolysis followed by soil burial. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.