석고

그림문자(GHS)

• 그림문자(GHS)

  

• 신호 어

  Danger

• 유해·위험 문구

  H317：알레르기성 피부 반응을 일으킬 수 있음

  H319：눈에 심한 자극을 일으킴

  H334：흡입 시 알레르기성 반응, 천식 또는 호흡 곤란 등을 일으킬 수 있음

  H341：유전적인 결함을 일으킬 것으로 의심됨 (노출되어도 생식세포 유전독성을 일으키지 않는다는 결정적인 증거가 있는 노출경로가 있다면 노출경로 기재)

  H350：암을 일으킬 수 있음 (노출되어도 암을 일으키지 않는다는 결정적인 증거가 있는 노출경로가 있다면 노출경로 기재)

  H411：장기적 영향에 의해 수생생물에 유독함

• 예방조치문구

  P202：모든 안전 조치 문구를 읽고 이해하기 전에는 취급하지 마시오.

  P273：환경으로 배출하지 마시오.

  P280：보호장갑/보호의/보안경/안면보호구를 착용하시오.

  P302+P352：피부에 묻으면 다량의 물로 씻으시오.

  P305+P351+P338：눈에 묻으면 몇 분간 물로 조심해서 씻으시오. 가능하면 콘택트렌즈를 제거하시오. 계속 씻으시오.

  P308+P313：노출 또는 접촉이 우려되면 의학적인 조치· 조언를 구하시오.

석고 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

• 순도시험

    (1) 용상 : 이 품목 0.2g에 묽은염산 10mL를 가하여 가열하여 녹일 때, 그 탁도는 거의 징명 이하이어야 한다.

    (2) 유리알칼리 : 이 품목 0.5g에 물 100mL를 가하여 흔들어 섞은 다음 여과하고 여액 10mL에 페놀프탈레인시액 1방울을 가할 때, 홍색을 나타내어서는 아니 된다.

    (3) 염화물 : 이 품목 0.2g에 물 20mL를 가하여 잘 흔들어 섞은 다음 여과하고 여액 5mL에 묽은질산 6mL를 가하여 이를 시험용액으로 하여 염화물시험법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 0.01N 염산 0.3mL에 대응하는 양 이하이어야 한다.

    (4) 탄산염 : 이 품목 0.5g에 묽은염산 5mL를 가할 때, 거품이 일어나서는 아니 된다.

    (5) 비소 : 이 품목을 비소시험법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 4.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.

    (6) 납 : 「메타인산나트륨」의 순도시험 (2)에 따라 시험한다(2.0ppm 이하).

    (7) 수은 : 이 품목을 수은시험법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 1.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.

    (8) 셀레늄 : 이 품목 0.2g을 정밀히 달아 「황산」의 순도시험 (6)에 따라 시험한다(30ppm 이하).

    (9) 불소화물 : 이 품목 1g을 정밀히 달아 「구연산칼슘」의 순도시험 (8)에 따라 시험한다(30ppm 이하).

• 확인시험

  확인시험  이 품목 1g에 물 100mL를 가하여 잘 흔들어 섞은 다음 여과한 액은 확인시험법 중 칼슘염 및 황산염의 반응을 나타낸다.

• 정량법

    이 품목 약 1g을 정밀히 달아 묽은염산 40mL를 가하여 수욕상에서 가열하여 녹이고 식힌 다음 물을 가하여 100mL로 한다. 그 중 10mL를 취하여 이하 「수산화칼슘」의 정량법에 따라 정량한다.

  0.05M 이.디.티.에이.용액 1mL ＝ 8.609mg CaSO₄•2H₂O

• 개요

  Calcium sulfate and its hydrates are important industrial compounds that have been used throughout history. Calcium sulfate is obtained naturally from mined gypsum rock, but it also exists in mineral form. Gypsum forms in beds as sedimentary rock when calcium sulfate, which is a natural component of seawater, is deposited as shallow marine water bodies evaporate. Gypsum is a transparent, soft, white mineral and is the most common sulfate mineral.

• 화학적 성질

  Calcium sulfate forms white to clear crystals. It is commonly encountered in the anhydrous form or as the dihydrate.

• 물리적 성질

  Anhydrous calcium sulfate is a crystalline substance; orthorhombic; the color may vary as white, gray, blue or brick-red; occurs as insoluble anhydrite or porous soluble anhydrite; density 2.96 g/cm³; hardness 3.5 Mohs; insoluble anhydrite is practically insoluble in water (0.21% at 20°C); soluble anhydrite readily absorbs moisture and is soluble in water.
  Hemihydrate is a white fine powder; sparingly soluble in water (3g/L at 25°C); combines with water, setting to a hard mass.
  Dihydrate may occur as lumps or powder; density 2.32 g/cm³; partially loses water on heating at 100°C; slightly soluble in water (2.4 g/L at 25°C); KSP =2.4x10-⁵; almost insoluble in organic solvents.

• 역사

  Gypsum’s use dates back to prehistoric times. Archeological evidence shows that it was mined from caves and used to paint ancient gravestones. The earliest evidence of its use as a building material dates from 6000 b.c.e. in the southwest Asian areas of ancient Anatolia and Syria. Egyptians used gypsum and plaster in their buildings and monuments, with both found in the Great Pyramids built around 3700 b.c.e. Calcium sulfate has been used for more than 2,000 years in China to produce tofu. The word gypsum comes from the Greek word for chalk, gypsos. The Greek natural philosopher Theophrastus (371–286 b.c.e.) referred to gypsum in his writings. Gypsum was extensively used in Roman times and throughout the Middle Ages.
  In the 1700s, Paris was a leading plaster center, with most of its buildings made using plaster. After the fire of London in 1666 destroyed 80% of the city, the king of France ordered all wooden houses in France to be covered with plaster as protection against fire. The hemihydrate form got the name plaster of Paris from the extensive gypsum deposits quarried in the Montmartre district of Paris. In 1765 and 1766, Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) presented papers to the French Academy of Science on gypsum that explained the setting of plaster. Lavoisier determined that gypsum is a hydrated salt and that set plaster occurs when the hemihydrate form rehydrates back to gypsum.

• 용도

  The largest use of calcium sulfate is in the construction industry, which accounts for more than 90% of its production.Gypsum has hundreds of other applications outside the construction industry. It can be used agriculturally for several purposes: to supply calcium and sulfur to soils, to balance pH, and to condition soil. Food grade calcium sulfate is used as a calcium supplement in enriched foods such as flour, cereals, and baked goods. It is used as a gelling and firming agent with canned vegetables. Calcium sulfate is the most common tofu coagulant. The positively charged calcium ion in calcium sulfate attracts the negatively charged groups in protein molecules, causing thermally denatured proteins to coagulate. Anhydrous calcium sulfate is used as a filler to whiten food and consumer products such as frostings, ice creams, paper, paints, and toothpaste. Powdered gypsum can be used as a chalk for marking athletic fields and other large areas.

• 정의

  anhydrite: An important rockforminganhydrous mineral form ofcalcium sulphate, CaSO₄. It is chemicallysimilar to gypsum but isharder and heavier and crystallizes inthe rhombic form (gypsum is monoclinic).Under natural conditions anhydriteslowly hydrates to formgypsum. It occurs chiefly in whiteand greyish granular masses and isoften found in the caprock of certainsalt domes. It is used as a raw materialin the chemical industry and inthe manufacture of cement and fertilizers.

• 생산 방법

  Anhydrous calcium sulfate occurs naturally as the mineral anhydrite. The naturally occurring rock gypsum may be crushed and ground for use as the dihydrate or calcined at 1508℃ to produce the hemihydrate. A purer variety of calcium sulfate may also be obtained chemically by reacting calcium carbonate with sulfuric acid or by precipitation from calcium chloride and a soluble sulfate.

• 일반 설명

  Odorless, white powder or colorless, crystalline solid. Crystals sometimes have a blue, gray or reddish tinge or can be brick red. Density: 2.96 g cm-3.

• 반응 프로필

  CALCIUM SULFATE is non-combustible. Decomposes to give toxic oxides of sulfur, but only at very high temperature (>1500°C). Generally of low reactivity but may act as an oxidizing agent: incompatible with diazomethane, aluminum, and phosphorus. Certain forms of CALCIUM SULFATE react with water; others do not. INSOLUBLE ANHYDRITE or dead-burned gypsum is made by the dehydration of CALCIUM SULFATE dihydrate (gypsum) at high (> 600°C) temperature. At room temperature, insoluble anhydrite dissolves very slowly to the extent of 0.24 g per 100 g of water and does not absorb moisture from the air. SOLUBLE ANHYDRITE, which is obtained by heating CALCIUM SULFATE dihydrate at a temperature below 300°C, has a high affinity for water and is used as a desiccant. Soluble anhydrite absorbs water to form CALCIUM SULFATE hemihydrate (Plaster of Paris).

• 건강위험

  Calcium sulfate is considered to be a nuisance dust.
  There have been no reports of adverse effects in humans exposed to calcium sulfate. Excessive concentrations would be expected to cause reduced visibility and skin and upper respiratory tract irritation.1 One report on gypsum miners attributed adverse effects to respirable quartz rather than calcium sulfate.

• 농업용

  Anhydrite is a naturally occurring, solid, white mineral called anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO₄). It differs from gypsum in hardness and in hydration. It is used as a raw material in the chemical industry and in the manufacture of fertilizers and cement.

• Pharmaceutical Applications

  Calcium sulfate dihydrate is used in the formulation of tablets and capsules. In granular form it has good compaction properties and moderate disintegration properties.
  Calcium sulfate hemihydrate, is used in the preparation of plaster of Paris bandage, which is used for the immobilization of limbs and fractures; it should not be used in the formulation of tablets or capsules.
  Anhydrous calcium sulfate is hygroscopic and is used as a desiccant. The uptake of water can cause the tablets to become very hard and to fail to disintegrate on storage. Therefore, anhydrous calcium sulfate is not recommended for the formulation of tablets, capsules, or powders for oral administration.
  Therapeutically, calcium sulfate is used in dental and craniofacial surgical procedures.

• Safety Profile

  A nuisance dust. Reacts violently with aluminum when heated. Mixtures with diazomethane react exothermically and eventually explode. Mixtures with phosphorus ignite at high temperatures. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,, See also CALCIUM COMPOUNDS and SULFATES.

• Safety

  Calcium sulfate dihydrate is used as an excipient in oral capsule and tablet formulations. At the levels at which it is used as an excipient, it is generally regarded as nontoxic. However, ingestion of a sufficiently large quantity can result in obstruction of the upper intestinal tract after absorption of moisture.
  Owing to the limited intestinal absorption of calcium from its salts, hypercalcemia cannot be induced even after the ingestion of massive oral doses.
  Calcium salts are soluble in bronchial fluid. Pure salts do not induce pneumoconiosis.

• 잠재적 노출

  Calcium sulfate is used as a pigment; in Portland cement, in tiles and plaster; in polishing powders, a filler in paints and paper coatings; in the drying of gases and liquids; a soil conditioner; in molds and surgical casts; in wallboard, and many others.

• 저장

  Calcium sulfate is chemically stable. Anhydrous calcium sulfate is hygroscopic and may cake on storage. Store in a well-closed container in a dry place, avoiding heat.

• 운송 방법

  Calcium sulfate is a “NONREGULATED MATERIAL.”

• 비 호환성

  In the presence of moisture, calcium salts may be incompatible with amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, which may form complexes. Calcium salts will interfere with the bioavailability of tetracycline antibiotics. It is also anticipated that calcium sulfate would be incompatible with indomethacin, aspirin, aspartame, ampicillin, cephalexin, and erythromycin since these materials are incompatible with other calcium salts.
  Calcium sulfate may react violently, at high temperatures, with phosphorus and aluminum powder; it can react violently with diazomethane.

• 폐기물 처리

  Landfilling

• Regulatory Status

  GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral capsules, sustained release, tablets). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK and Europe. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.

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