제논, 냉동 (저온 액체)

그림문자(GHS)

• 그림문자(GHS)

  

• 신호 어

  Warning

• 유해·위험 문구

  H280：고압가스; 가열시 폭발할 수 있음

• 예방조치문구

  P410+P403：직사광선을 피하고 환기가 잘 되는 곳에 보관하시오.

제논, 냉동 (저온 액체) 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

• 개요

  Krypton, neon, and xenon are rare atmospheric gases. Each is odorless, colorless, tasteless, nontoxic, monatomic, and chemically inert. All three together constitute less than 0.002 percent of the atmosphere with approximate concentrations in the atmosphere of 18 ppm for neon, 1.1 ppm for krypton, and 0.09 ppm for xenon. Few users of the three gases need them in bulk quantities, and the three are shipped most often in single cylinders and glass liter flasks.
  Radon, a radioactive rare gas, is not treated in this book because it has little or no practical application at present. It is the heaviest gas known (density at 70°F and 1 atm, 0.61 Ib/ft3; at 21.1°C and 1 atm, 9.8 kg/m3.
  Among the rare gases, neon, krypton, and xenon in particular ionize at lower voltages than other gases, and the brilliant, distinctive light they emit while conducting electricity in the ionized state accounts for one of their primary uses. Their characteristic colors as ionized conductors are red for neon, yellow-green for krypton, and blue to green for xenon. Similarly, argon and helium are also used for this purpose and emit red or blue for argon and yellow for helium. These latter two gases are treated in separate monographs.

• 화학적 성질

  Colorless, odorless gas or liquid. Gas (at STP) has d 5.8971 g/L (air = 1.29 g/L), dielectric constant 1.0012 (25C) (1 atm); liquid has bp ?108.12C (1 mm Hg), d (at bp) of 1.987 g/cc; liquefaction temp?106.9C.Chemically unreactive but not completely inert. Noncombustible.

• 물리적 성질

  Xenon has a relatively high atomic weight and is about 4.5 times heavier than air. It is colorless,tasteless, and odorless. Its critical temperature is comparatively high at 16.6°C, which isfar above oxygen (–188°C). This means that xenon will boil away from commercial fractionaldistillation of liquid oxygen.
  Xenon’s melting point is –111.79°C, its boiling point is –108.12°C, and its density is0.005887g/cm³.

• Isotopes

  There are 46 isotopes of xenon. Nine of these are stable. Two of the stableisotopes are radioactive, but with half-lives long enough to be considered stable.They are Xe-124 (1.1×10⁺¹⁷years) and Xe-136 (3.6×10⁺²⁰ years). The 47 manmadeartificial radioactive isotopes have half-lives ranging from 150 nanoseconds to11.9 days.

• Origin of Name

  The word “xenon” is derived from the Greek word xenon, meaning “stranger.”

• 출처

  Xenon is found in trace amounts in the atmosphere. It makes up just 0.086 ppm by volumeof air. Xenon is the rarest of the noble gases. For every thousand-million atoms of air, thereare only 87 atoms of xenon. Even so, it is recovered in commercial amounts by boiling off thexenon from fractional distillation of liquid air. Small amounts of xenon have been found insome minerals and meteorites, but not in amounts great enough to exploit.

• Characteristics

  Xenon is noncombustible, and even though it is considered inert, it will combine with afew elements (i.e., oxygen, fluorine, and platinum). Xenon is the only member of group 18that exhibits all of the even valence states of +2, +4, +6, and +8. It has similar oxidation stateseven though most periodic tables list a single oxidation state of zero.

• 용도

  When excited electrically, xenon (sometimes mixed with krypton) produces a brilliantwhite flash of light that makes it useful as the gas in strobe lights. The flash used in photog-raphy can repeatedly be used to provide a well-balanced light for illumination. The xenon inflash tubes is not consumed and can be flashed over and over again.
  Xenon lamps are also used as an antiseptic to kill bacteria, to power lasers, and as tracers.Because of its high atomic mass, xenon ions are preferred as fuel for ion engines to powerspacecraft in deep space.

• 정의

  A colorless odorless monatomic element of the rare-gas group. It occurs in trace amounts in air. Xenon is used in electron tubes and strobe lighting. Symbol: Xe; m.p. –111.9°C; b.p. –107.1°C; d. 5.8971 (0°C) kg m–3; p.n. 54; r.a.m. 131.29.

• 일반 설명

  Xenon is an inert gas that is nonflammable and nonexplosive.The outer shell of xenon is complete thus it is not ahighly reactive compound neither seeking, nor donatingelectrons to biological molecules. Despite its “inert” status,xenon has been shown to interact with biological moleculesby forming an induced dipole in the presence of a cationicsite. An induced dipole could also result from an interactionwith another fleeting dipole formed at the proposedbinding site to form an induced dipole-induced dipole orLondon dispersion force.The mechanism of xenon anesthesiaand the site of action are still unknown.

• 위험도

  As a noble gas that is mostly inert, xenon is nontoxic and noncombustible. Some of itscompounds are toxic and potentially explosive, but there is little chance of coming into contactwith them on a day-to-day basis.

• 공업 용도

  Xenon, another gas occurring in the air to theextent of 1 part in 11 million, is the heaviestof the rare gases. When atomic reactors are operated at high power, xenon tends to buildup as a reaction product, poisoning the fuel andreducing the reactivity. Xenon lamps for militaryuse give a clear white light known as sunlightplus north-sky light. This color does notchange with the voltage, and thus the lampsrequire no voltage regulators. Xenon is a mildanesthetic; the accumulation from air helps toinduce natural sleep, but it cannot be used insurgery since the quantity needed producesasphyxiation.

• Materials Uses

  Gaseous neon, krypton, and xenon are noncorrosive and inert, so they may be contained in systems constructed of any common metals designed to withstand safely the pressures involved. At the temperatures encountered with liquid neon, krypton, and xenon, ordinary carbon steels and most alloy steels lose their ductility and are considered unsafe for use with these cryogenic liquids. Satisfactory materials for use with liquid neon, krypton, and xenon include austenitic stainless steel (for example types 304 and 316) and other nickel-chromium alloys, copper, Monel, brass, and aluminum.

• Safety Profile

  An inert gas that acts as a simple asphyxiant. For a dscussion of toxicity effects, see ARGON. A common air contaminant.

• 저장

  Gaseous neon, krypton, and xenon must be handled with all the precautions necessary for safety with any nonflammable, nontoxic compressed gas. All precautions necessary for the safe handling of any gas liquefied at very low temperatures must be observed with liquid neon, krypton, and xenon. Extensive tissue damage or bums can result from exposure to liquid neon, krypton, or xenon or their cold vapors. CGA P-l, Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers, provides basic guidelines and requirements for the safe handling and storage of compressed gas cylinders. Also refer to CGA P-12, Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquids, for information concerning safe handling of neon, krypton, and xenon in liquid form. Another useful reference concerning inert gases is CGA P-14, Accident Prevention in Oxygen-Rich and Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres.

• 폐기물 처리

  When disposal becomes necessary, vent neon, krypton, and xenon gas slowly to a well-ventilated outdoor location remote from personnel work areas and building air intakes. Do not dispose of any residual neon, krypton, and xenon in compressed gas cylinders. Return cylinders to the supplier with residual pressure, the cylinder valve tightly closed, and the valve caps in place.
  Allow liquid neon, krypton, and xenon to evaporate in well-ventilated outdoor locations that are remote from work areas.

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