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물성
물이나 유지에는 녹지 않고, 에탄올에 약간 녹는다. 알칼리용액에 녹으나 불안정하다.
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용도
식품이 변질되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 산화방지제로서 사용되는 식품첨가물이다.
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용도
케르세틴, 플라보노이드 가족의 일원은, osteoporosis에 대하여 암을 위한 위험을, 보호 감소시키는 심장 혈관 건강의 개선을 포함하여 많은 유리한 건강 효과를, 발휘합니다. 그리고 그것에는 또한 항염증제의, 항알레르기와 항독소 효력이 있습니다.
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용도
케르세틴은 뒤에 오는 조건의 예방 그리고 처리에서 다양한 잠재적인 치료 용도를, 1 차적으로 제안합니다:
알레르기, 천식 및 꿀벌통: 케르세틴은 basophils (백혈구의 유형)와 비만 세포 (결합 조직에 있는 큰 세포)에서 히스타민 방출을 금할지도 모릅니다.
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순도시험
(1) 비소 : 이 품목을 비소시험법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 4.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.
(2) 납 : 이 품목 5.0g을 취하여 원자흡광광도법 또는 유도결합플라즈마발광광도법에 따라 시험할 때, 그 양은 2.0ppm 이하이어야 한다.
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확인시험
(1) 이 품목 5mg에 에탄올 10mL를 가하여 녹여주고 염화제이철용액(1→50) 1～2방울을 가할 때, 액은 녹갈색의 띠를 나타낸다.
(2) 이 품목 5mg에 수산화나트륨용액(1→100) 5mL를 가하여 녹일 때, 액은 황～등색을 나타낸다.
(3) 이 품목 5mg에 에탄올 5mL를 가하여 가온하여 녹여주고 염산 2mL 및 마그네슘 0.05g을 가해줄 때, 액은 서서히 적색을 나타낸다.
(4) 이 품목 10mg에 에탄올 500mL를 가하여 녹인 액은 파장 255nm 부근 및 370nm 부근에 극대흡수부가 있다.
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정량법
이 품목 약 50mg을 정밀히 달아 메탄올을 가하여 50mL로 한 다음 0.5㎛ 밀리포아여과기로 여과한 액을 시험용액으로 한다. 따로, 케르세틴표준품(C15H10O7•2H2O)을 케르세틴으로서 50mg 함유하도록 정밀히 달아 메탄올을 가하여 50mL로 한 다음 0.5㎛ 밀리포아여과기로 여과한 액을 표준용액으로 한다. 표준용액 및 시험용액 각각 10μL씩을 다음의 조작조건으로 고속액체크로마토그래피에 주입하고 다음 계산식에 따라 케르세틴의 함량을 구한다.
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함 량(%) =
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표준품(케르세틴으로서)의 채취량(mg)
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×
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시험용액의 피크면적
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× 100
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건조물로 환산한 검체의 채취량(mg)
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표준용액의 피크면적
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조작조건
검 출 기 : UV 375nm
칼 럼 : μ-Bondapak C18 (3.9mm × 300mm) 또는 이와 동등한 것
칼럼온도 : 실온
이 동 상 : 메탄올•물•초산의 혼액 (15 : 3 : 1)
유 속 : 1.0mL/min
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정의
이 품목은 루틴을 산성수용액 또는 효소로 가수분해하여 얻어지는 것으로서 주성분은 케르세틴(quercetin)이다.
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개요
The name of quercetin has been used since 1857, which is derived from quercetum
(oak forest) after Quercus. Quercetin is widely found in flowers, leaves, and
fruits of various plants. Vegetables (such as onions, ginger, celery, etc.), fruits (such
as apples, strawberries, etc.), beverages (such as tea, coffee, red wine, fruit juice,
etc.), and more than 100 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines (such as Threevein
Aster, mountain white chrysanthemum, Huai rice, Apocynum, Ginkgo biloba, etc.)
contain this ingredient.
Threevein Aster is a Chinese herbal medicine and used in Jiangxi province,
China, for more than 30 years. Its plant name is three veins Mala, Compositae. It is
rich in drug sources, which can be found in Southern provinces of China. Clinical
practice proved that it has significant anti-inflammatory and expectorant effects, and
it is a good prescription for the treatment of elderly chronic bronchitis.
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화학적 성질
Yellow to green yellow crystalline powde
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물리적 성질
Appearance: yellow needle-like crystalline powder. Solubility: slightly soluble in
water; soluble in ethanol, acetone, pyridine, and acetic acid; easily soluble in ether
and methanol. Melting point: 314–317 °C.
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역사
In 1936, Szent-Gyorgyi firstly reported the separation and identification of biological
activity of quercetin. Usually quercetin is presented in the form of glycosides
such as lutin, quercitrin, and mycoside, which can be hydrolyzed to get the quercetin.
Quercetin has a polyphenol hydroxyl structure, which is of weak lipophilicity and poor hydrophilicity, resulting in its low bioavailability and limiting its clinical application. The synthesis of phenolic derivatives improves its bioavailability,
which are lipid-soluble quercetin derivatives such as 3-O-methylquercetin, hydrophilic
quercetin derivatives such as 3′-ON-carboxymethylformamide quercetin, and quercetin glycosides.
Threevein Aster, having quercetin as one of the main active ingredients, has been used for the domestic clinical treatment for chronic bronchitis in China since 1971.
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용도
- Quercetin has been used as an antioxidant which reversed the immunosuppressive effects of high glucose and hyperglycemic sera in type 2 diabetic patients.
- It has been used as a detoxifying phytochemical in Apis mellifera.
- It has been used as a positive control in DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. It has also been used for the preparation of calibration curve to determine total flavonoid content.
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Indications
It is mainly used for the treatment of chronic bronchitis.
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일반 설명
Yellow needles or yellow powder. Converts to anhydrous form at 203-207°F. Alcoholic solutions taste very bitter.
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공기와 물의 반응
Sensitive to exposure to air and light. Insoluble in water.
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반응 프로필
3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone is a strong antioxidant and a metal chelator. Promotes the formation of nitrosamines .
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위험도
Questionable carcinogen.
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건강위험
ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
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화재위험
Flash point data for 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone are not available; however, 3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone is probably combustible.
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생물학적 활성
Anti-tumor agent; induces apoptosis and inhibits synthesis of heat shock proteins. Inhibits many enzyme systems including tyrosine protein kinase, phospholipase A 2 , phosphodiesterases, mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and protein kinase C. Can also activate Ca 2+ and K + channels and behaves as an agonist at estrogen (GPR30) receptors.
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Pharmacology
Experimental studies showed that quercetin had antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, hypoglycemic, anti-obesity, antidepressant, and other effects. In vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments have shown that quercetin could
inhibit the growth of various malignant tumor cells such as human ovarian cancer,
breast cancer, gastrointestinal tumor cells, and leukemia, and it could induce cancer
cell apoptosis and had a reversal of tumor multidrug resistance (MDR) effect, while,
combined with other anticancer drugs, it could enhance the effect of anticancer
drugs.
Quercetin could alleviate the inflammatory response that was aggravated by the activation of the central granulocytes. In the experimental study on the treatment of non-bacterial prostatitis and acute gouty arthritis, quercetin also showed a good
anti-inflammatory effect.
The experimental results showed that quercetin had a good direct scavenging effect on free radicals and exhibited antioxidant activity. In addition, it also had the anti-hepatic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, keloid hyperplasia and glaucoma filtering bubble scarring and other effects, its mechanism involving the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation, inhibition of collagen synthesis, preventing oxidative damage and so on. Moreover, studies have shown that quercetin also had antibacterial, antiaging, antidepressant, antileukemia, antidiabetic, and other pharmacological effects.
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Clinical Use
Since the first clinical phase I trial of quercetin in 1996 found that it had antitumor
activity, quercetin has also been reported in early clinical trials of cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, and other diseases. However, there is still insufficient evidence shown that quercetin has a significant effect on the treatment of the disease in clinic.The US FDA has issued a warning, emphasizing that quercetin is not a definite
nutrient, unable to determine its content in the diet, nor can it be used as a drug.
China’s Threevein Aster consists of a single Chinese herb, which was released by
the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (1977) Part I. One of the main active ingredients obtained following the hydrolysis of Threevein Aster is quercetin, which has the function of relieving cough and eliminating phlegm and can be used for the treatment of chronic bronchitis. The anti-inflammatory effect of Threevein Aster is poor. Side effects after use include stomach discomfort, dizziness, and abdominal pain, while withdrawal can make them disappear.
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Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Human mutation data reported. Used as a pharmaceutical and veterinary drug. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes
