에페드린 하이드로클로라이드

그림문자(GHS)

• 그림문자(GHS)

  

• 신호 어

  Warning

• 유해·위험 문구

  H302：삼키면 유해함

  H317：알레르기성 피부 반응을 일으킬 수 있음

  H412：장기적 영향에 의해 수생생물에 유해함

• 예방조치문구

  P261：분진·흄·가스·미스트·증기·...·스프레이의 흡입을 피하시오.

  P264：취급 후에는 손을 철저히 씻으시오.

  P264：취급 후에는 손을 철저히 씻으시오.

  P273：환경으로 배출하지 마시오.

  P280：보호장갑/보호의/보안경/안면보호구를 착용하시오.

  P301+P312：삼켜서 불편함을 느끼면 의료기관(의사)의 진찰을 받으시오.

  P302+P352：피부에 묻으면 다량의 물로 씻으시오.

에페드린 하이드로클로라이드 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

• 개요

  Ephedrine is an alkaloid, which is from dry grass stems of ephedra plants such as ephedra, zhong ephedra, or ephedra. Ephedra is an herb recorded in “Chinese Pharmacopoeia,” which can be used for sweating and cold, adjustment of lung function, asthma, and swelling. Ephedrine can treat cold, chest tightness, bronchial asthma, and so on. Ephedra was used as a drug in China for more than 2000 years, which was recorded in history books of materia medica. Ephedra is also known as Longsa recorded in the book Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic of Materia Medica, Bixiang recorded in the book Another record by famous record, and Gougu recorded in the book Guang Ya. Ephedra was firstly recorded in the book Shen Nong’s Classic of Materia Medica.

• 화학적 성질

  White Solid

• 물리적 성질

  Appearance: a white needle-like crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, and tastes bitter. Solubility: soluble in water and can be dissolved in ethanol but insoluble in chloroform or ether. Melting point: 217–220 °C.

• 역사

  In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are main active ingredients in “herbal ephedra” . Organic chemist, Changi Changyi (1844– 1929), from Japan first isolated ephedrine from the herb “Shuanghui Ephedra” in 1885 . Ephedrine was successfully synthesized by chemist Ernst Sp?th from Austria (1886–1946) in 1920 . Kehui Chen (1898–1988) and its co-colleague Carl F. Schmidt extracted ephedrine from ephedra in 1923 and then clarified the pharmacological effects of ephedrine, which attracted the attention from Europe and the United States. Ephedrine was approved in clinical practice by the FDA of the United States. Structure of ephedrine was analyzed by Changi Changyi in 1926.

• 용도

  α- and β-Adrenergic agonist. Bronchodilator.

• Pharmacology

  Ephedrine has a similar effect with adrenaline. Ephedrine can bind α, β receptors and activate the receptor as adrenaline. Ephedrine makes the adrenergic nerve endings release medium and indirectly play the role of adrenaline. Ephedrine is stable and its effect is weaker than adrenaline, and the central excitatory effect is more obvious. Ephedrine can relax bronchial smooth muscle but less durable than adrenaline. Ephedrine can also relieve bronchial spasm, excite the heart, enhance myocardial contractility, and speed up the heart rate. However, its role in increasing the heart rate may be weakened by the vagus nerve excitement caused by increased blood pressure . Ephedrine accelerates heart rate and increases cardiac contractility by stimulating the beta receptor. Ephedrine stimulates the alpha receptor and contracts the arterial effect, but the contraction of the rabbit aorta is dominated by direct action. In recent years, ephedra has been found to have a role inhibiting the formation of acute blood clotting, promote fat synthesis in fat, and scavenge oxygenfree radicals.

• Clinical Use

  In clinical practice, ephedrine hydrochloride was used for the treatment of bronchial asthma, hypotension, central excitation , and toxicity by morphine and barbiturate. Ephedrine hydrochloride was also used to eliminate nasal mucosal congestion. Drug tolerance can occur quickly when ephedrine hydrochloride was used often in a short time. Ephedrine hydrochloride can also be used for hypotension and chronic hypotension caused by subarachnoid anesthesia or epidural anesthesia .

• 부작용

  The side effects of ephedrine hydrochloride are anxiety, insomnia, palpitations, sweating, and other symptoms by central excitement caused by the long-term use of large doses which can be cured by hypnotic sedative drugs. Acute drug tolerance can be induced by repeated use in short time.

• Safety Profile

  Poison by subcutaneous, intravenous, andintraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects: cardac changes, nausea or vomiting, sweating. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of HCl and NOx. See also EPHEDRINE.

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