Biological Activity
α-Spinasterol is a blood-brain barrier-permeable and orally active plant phytosterol with antioxidant, anticonvulsant (0.1-1 mg/kg i.p. in mice), antidepressant (1-2 mg/kg i.p. in mice) and anti-inflammatory (0.001-1 mg/kg, i.p. or 1-10 mg/kg, i.g. in mice) properties, as well as antinociceptive efficacy via dual actions against transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TrpV1; IC50/Emax = 1.4 μM/67% against 2 nM RTX for binding mouse spinal cord membranes; IC50/Emax = 40 μM/62% against 20 μM capsaicin-induced mouse spinal cord synaptosomes Ca2+ influx) and cyclooxygenases (IC50 = 16.17 μM/COX1 and 7.76μM/COX2). a-spinasterol can directly affect membrane structure and packing in a manner similar to cholesterol, both a-spinasterol and stitosterol are reported to lower plasma/liver cholesterol levels and increase fecal cholesterol excretion when supplemented in daily diet (1%) in mice in vivo.', 'α-Spinasterol is a constituent of argan oil. It regulates nuclear receptors expression and modulates mitochondrial function. It mimics natural cholesterol and its functionality. α-Spinastero lelicits cytoprotective and antiulcerogenic functionality. It has therapeutic potential towards diabetic nephropathy.
Synthesis
1Materials
X-4 binocular microscope micro melting point tester (thermometer uncorrected, Beijing Tektronix Instrument Co., Ltd.); INOVO 400 MHz (Varian, USA) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer with TMS as the internal standard; HPMS5973 mass spectrometer (Hewlett-Packard, USA); TENSOR27 infrared spectrometer (Bruker, Germany). Silica gel for column chromatography (200-300 mesh), silica gel GF254 for thin layer and silica gel H for thin layer (Qingdao Ocean Chemical Factory). Malan was collected in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, and the original plant was identified as Malan by Prof. Chen Deyuan of Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the specimen was preserved in the Research Center for Quality Control of Natural Medicines of Guizhou Normal University.
2 Extraction and separation
Malan 10kg, 80% ethanol reflux extraction 3 times, combined extracts, decompression recovery solvent to no alcohol flavor, add the appropriate amount of water dispersion dissolution, respectively, with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extraction. The ethyl acetate extracted portion was separated by column chromatography, and 6 fractions were obtained by gradient elution with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate solvent system. The first stream was separated on a silica gel column, eluted by a petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (30:1) system; the second stream was separated on a silica gel column, eluted by a petroleum ether-ethyl acetate gradient elution (20:1 5:1); the third stream was separated on a silica gel column, eluted by a petroleum ether-acetone (20:1) system to obtain the compound -polysaccharides; the fourth stream was separated on a silica gel column, eluted by a petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (10:12:1) system; the fifth stream was separated on a silica gel column, eluted by a petroleum ether-acetate (10:12:1) system. The 4th stream was on a silica gel column, eluted by petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (10121) system; the 5th stream was on a silica gel column, eluted by petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (10121) system; the 6th stream was on a silica gel column, eluted by chloroform-methanol (201) system. The structure of the obtained -polyserol was identified as the target compound.
in vivo
α-Spinasterol (0.5-2.5 mg/kg, oral, 6 weeks) lowers serum triglycerides in mice and improves symptoms of diabetes[2].
α-Spinasterol (0.1-1 mg/kg, oral, 24 h) has anti-nociceptive effects in postoperative and neuropathic pain models in mice[3].
α-Spinasterol (0-2 mg/kg, i.p., single dose) exhibits antidepressant effects in mice but does not show anxiolytic effects[4].
α-Spinasterol (0.001-10 mg/kg, i.g., single dose) significantly reduces inflammatory cell infiltration induced by LPS (HY-D1056) in mice[5].
α-Spinasterol (0.001-1 mg/kg, i.p., single dose) can inhibit leukocytes and mononuclear cells in mice, with ID50 at 0.006 (0.002-0.01) mg/kg and 0.004 (0.002-0.007) mg/kg[5].
α-Spinasterol (0.001-1 mg/kg, i.p., single dose) has anticonvulsant activity in mice without affecting their neuromuscular strength, impairing motor coordination, or changing body temperature[6].
| Animal Model: | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice[2] |
| Dosage: | 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg/day; 6 weeks |
| Administration: | Oral |
| Result: | Reduced serum triglycerides in mice, kidney weight, and urinary protein excretion, without affecting serum glucose levels. |
| Animal Model: | Mouse postoperative pain models (surgery incision induced) or different neuropathic pain models (trauma or chemotherapy induced)[3] |
| Dosage: | 0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/kg; 24 h |
| Administration: | Oral |
| Result: | Relieved post-operative pain, reduce cell infiltration in damaged tissues, alleviated some mechanical ectopic pain caused by sciatic nerve ligation and mechanical and cold ectopic pain induced by paclitaxel, without altering spontaneous or forced motor activity, causing gastric damage, or leading to changes in the liver and kidneys, and without affecting the cell viability in mouse cortical and spinal cord slices.
Inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme activity without altering the animal's body temperature. |
| Animal Model: | Nave male Albino Swiss mice[4] |
| Dosage: | 0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg; 0.5-2 mg/kg; single dose |
| Administration: | Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) |
| Result: | Showed an anti-immobility effect in the forced swimming test on mice, with no significant changes in body temperature and no alteration in the mice's spontaneous movement activity. Showed no anti-anxiety effects in the elevated plus maze and light-dark box tests. |
| Animal Model: | LPS(HY-D1056)-induced peritonitis in mice[5] |
| Dosage: | 0.001-1 mg/kg; 1-10 mg/kg; single dose |
| Administration: | i.g. |
| Result: | Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in LPS-injected mice. |
| Animal Model: | Mice induced by PTZ ;Mice induced by 6 Hz [6] |
| Dosage: | 0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg; single dose |
| Administration: | Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) |
| Result: | Showed higher doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg significantly increased the threshold for chronic seizures without affecting the sensitivity of mice to the forelimb rigidity induced by PTZ. The CS50 values in the 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg groups were significantly increased. Did not affect the neuromuscular strength of the mice, did not impair motor coordination, and did not change the body temperature. |
