Description
Neomycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and calcium channel protein inhibitor. Neomycin sulfate also binds to prokaryotic ribosomes inhibiting translation and is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Neomycin sulfate inhibits PLC (Phospholipase C) via binding to inositol phospholipids. It also inhibits phosphatidylcholine-PLD activity and induces Ca2+ mobilization and PLA2 activation in human platelets. Neomycin sulfate inhibits DNase I induced DNA degradation. It is used to prevent or treat skin infections caused by bacteria. It is not effective against fungal or viral infections.
Chemical Properties
White or yellowish-white powder; odorless; highly hygroscopic; aqueous
solution exhibits dextrorotation. High solubility in water, while almost
insoluble in ethanol, ether, acetone or chloroform.
Uses
Neomycin Sulfate[1405-10-3] is a powerful antibiotic that effectively treats skin, eye, and outer ear infections caused by most bacteria. It is also used in bowel surgery to prevent infection. Neomycin Sulfate has been utilized as a preventive treatment for hepatic encephalopathy and hypercholesterolemia.
Uses
Neomycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by S. fradiae that inhibits protein translation by binding to the small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It blocks voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and is a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. NEOMYCIN SULFATE has been shown to inhibit inositol phospholipid turnover, phospholipase C, and phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase D activity (IC50 = 65 μM). It is highly effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is commonly used for the prevention of bacterial contamination of cell cultures.
Definition
ChEBI: Neomycin B sulfate is the aminoglycoside sulfate salt that is the sulfate salt of neomycin B; a component of neomycin sulfate. It contains a framycetin.
Indications
This drug is obtained from species of the actinomycete Streptomyces
and is an aminoglycoside antibiotic (as are streptomycin, gentamicin, and
kanamycin) effective against most aerobic gram-negative organisms. Group A streptococci
are relatively resistant. Neomycin acts to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
by irreversibly binding to the 30S subunit. It is responsible for a greater incidence
of allergic contact sensitivity than any other topical antibiotic. This diagnosis often
remains hidden, because morphologically the eruption is of a mild eczematous
nature. Rarely, anaphylaxis may occur.
Preparation
Neomycin sulfate is a metabolic product of Streptomyces fradiae strains, synthesized in synthetic or complex organic media with an overall glucose conversion efficiency of 19.5%[1].
brand name
Mycifradin (Pharmacia & Upjohn);
Neo-Fradin (X Gen); Neobiotic (Pfizer);Abilene;Akentect;Amcort;Amphocort;Antibitulle;Apokalin;Aurex;Auriod;Baneopol;Barriere-mycin;Bastu-angin;Bedermin 100;Bio hubber;Biodry;Biofradin;Biofur;Biosol-m;Bio-vitastrept;Bivacyn;Bykanula;Canaural;Canoral;Cebemyxine;Cefrocyn;Cg 3224;Cicatrex;Cleniderm;Conderm;Conjuctilone;Cornemin;Cortinen;Damapo;Davimycin;Degramycin;Derbitan antibiotico;Dermicema;Dermo sonerge;Dermoface;Dermosan;Dermovate-nn;Derobion;Dexaamisolone-n;Dexabiotan;Dexacidin;Dexamist;Dexavetaderm;Dia-ject;Diarest;Dienterol;Dimicina;Doreplaston/doser/f;Dorithicin;Dulcicortine;Duphacerate;Dv 201;Emcortina;Emorex k berna;Enbacin;Enteromac;Enteropast;Enterosintex;Eustoporin;Febrizene;Fissan;Fl 6321 n;Flogocid;Fml-neo-liquifilm;Foille;Forbesotic;Formula 888;Forticillin;Fradyl;Frakidex;Frakitacine;Gastromycin;Gregoderm;Gustibon;H plus n;Hagrosept;Halicomb;Heliomycort;Hydrocortiderm;Hydro-neo oculos;I-caps;Idepa;Ido-op;Intradermo caf;Iodentero0neomicina;Itro;Jenomycin;Kaomycin;Kaopectate n;Kortikiod mepha;Lanbiotic;Larmicin;Latodurin;Linitut;Mammanopen;Mastrinal;Medisec neo;Medisec-cloxa;Medri-biotic;Meimyd;Menaderm antiacne;Mycerin;Mycidex;Mycimist;Mycipo;Mytrex;Nasomixin;Naso-neomicin;Nasydrin;Nefluan;Neimicina roger;Neo decaderm;Neo-analsona;Neoaristovet;Neobacimyx-h;Neobicin;Neobristan;Neo-cantil;Neocidin;Neocillin;Neoclox;Neocones;Neodecasone;Neo-delta-cortef;Neofluid;Neo-hydro;Neointestin;Neomac;Neo-mantle;Neo-mastitar;Neomycane;Neo-myx;Neo-otosol-hc;Neopec;Neopenol;Neopt;Neo-remusin;Neostrep;Neosule;Nifuramicin;Nisocla;Nisoclyn;Nisodyn;Nodryl;Nokamycin;Noperil;Ophthlmycin;Optiprime opthcoat;Optisone;Oribiotic;Oterna;Oticair;Oto vitna;Otocortison;Oto-flunal;Otomycin;Oto-sinerbe;Panotile;Parkeole;Parkesteron;Pentalmicina;Pervet;Phytacorcin;Polemycin;Polybactrin-g;Polygynax;Poly-pred;Polyspecrin;Porcijec;Prednicidin;Prevotec;Propaderm-n;Pulveodil;Pyocidin hc;Renokab;Rino vitna;Rinofilax;Rinojet;Rovicine;Saleton;Salvacolina nn;Sanibiovit;Sanimix;Sanistress;Secantol;Septomixine forte;Silderm;Siquent neomycin;Sofan;Sorbitoxin;Spersapolymyxin dispersa;Steros-anal;S-thalmic;Stiedex;Sulfix-6;Super masticort;Super mastitare;Synalar polyvalent;Syralbina;Tampovagan;Tariston;Telestyl;Tiframild;Tobispray;Topitasico;Tresaderm;Tribiotic;Tri-bow;Tricilone;Tri-optics;Troc;Tweenal;Ubrocelan;Uniriod;Uro-beniktol;Uro-nebctin;Varicella-rit;V-cortanmycetine;Vetroyl;Vetsovate;Vista-methasone n;V-softa.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Neomycin sulfate, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was first isolated in 1949 and has subsequently been included in topical, oral and parenteral preparations. Its value in the treatment of diarrhoea is widely questioned although it is still contained in a number of widely available antidiarrhoeal preparations. In some countries the officially approved indications for oral preparations are restricted to the preparation of the bowel prior to surgery and the management of hepatic coma.
General Description
Chemical structure: aminoglycoside
Contact allergens
Neomycin is an antibiotic complex of the aminoglycosides
group, extracted from Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed
of neomycin A (neamin) and an isomer neobiosamin, either neomycin B (framycetin or Soframycin) or neomycin C.
Its use has been progressively forbidden in cosmetics and
as an additive for animal feed. Occupational contact dermatitis
occurs in workers at animal feed mills, in veterinaries,
or in health workers. Nonoccupational dermatitis mainly
concerns patients with chronic dermatitis, leg ulcers, or
chronic otitis. Cross-sensitivity is usual with other aminoglycosides
(amikacin, arbekacin, butirosin, dibekacin, gentamicin,
isepamicin, kanamycin, paromomycin,
ribostamycin, sisomycin, tobramycin), is rare with netilmicin
and streptomycin, but nonexistent with spectinomycin.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Neomycin Trisulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is produced by Streptomyces containing a minimum of 85% neomycin B. It is used to study the cytotoxic side effects of antibiotics, platelet-derived growth factor responses in certain fibroblasts and extraction of nuclear phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-interacting proteins. Neomycin trisulfate functions as a selection agent for prokaryotic cells transformed using the neo selectable marker gene. This product is recommended for use in cell culture applications at 5 mL/L.
Clinical Use
In a search for antibiotics less toxic than streptomycin,Waksman and Lechevalier isolated neomycin (Mycifradin,Neobiotic) in 1949 from Streptomyces fradiae. Since then, theimportance of neomycin has increased steadily, and today, itis considered one of the most useful antibiotics for the treatmentof GI infections, dermatological infections, and acutebacterial peritonitis. Also, it is used in abdominal surgery toreduce or avoid complications caused by infections from bacterialflora of the bowel. It has broad-spectrum activityagainst various organisms and shows a low incidence of toxicand hypersensitivity reactions. It is absorbed very slightlyfrom the digestive tract, so its oral use ordinarily does not produce any systemic effect. The development of neomycinresistantstrains of pathogens is rarely reported in those organismsagainst which neomycin is effective.
Neomycin as the sulfate salt is a white to slightly yellow,crystalline powder that is very soluble in water. It is hygroscopicand photosensitive (but stable over a wide pH rangeand to autoclaving). Neomycin sulfate contains the equivalentof 60% of the free base.
Neomycin, as produced by S. fradiae, is a mixture ofclosely related substances. Included in the “neomycin complex”is neamine (originally designated neomycin A) andneomycins B and C. S. fradiae also elaborates another antibiotic,the fradicin, which has some antifungal propertiesbut no antibacterial activity. This substance is not present in“pure” neomycin.
Side effects
The most common adverse reactions to oral neomycin sulfate are nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The “Malabsorption Syndrome” characterized by increased fecal fat, decreased serum carotene and fall in xylose absorption has been reported with prolonged therapy.
Safety Profile
Poison by
intramuscular, intravenous, and
subcutaneous routes. Human systemic
effects by ingestion: somnolence,
hallucinations and distorted perceptions, and
anorexia. A human skin irritant. When
heated to decomposition it emits very toxic
fumes of SOx.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Because neomycin is more nephrotoxic and less effective against
several bacterial species than either gentamicin or amikacin, its use
is generally limited to topical formulations for skin, eyes, and ears,
oral treatment of enteric infections, to reduce microbe numbers in
the colon prior to colon surgery, and oral or enema administration
to reduce ammonia-producing bacteria in the treatment of hepatic
encephalopathy. Doses for parenteral administration are listed below,
but should be used only with extreme caution due to the drug’s
toxic potential.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Antibacterials: absorption of
phenoxymethylpenicillin reduced; increased risk of
nephrotoxicity with colistimethate or polymyxins
and possibly cephalosporins; increased risk of
ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity with capreomycin or
vancomycin.
Anticoagulants: altered INR with coumarins or
phenindione.
Ciclosporin: increased risk of nephrotoxicity.
Cytotoxics: possibly reduced methotrexate
absorption; bioavailability of sorafenib reduced;
increased risk of nephrotoxicity and possibly of
ototoxicity with platinum compounds.
Diuretics: increased risk of ototoxicity with loop
diuretics.
Muscle relaxants: enhanced effects of
suxamethonium and non-depolarising muscle
relaxants.
Parasympathomimetics: antagonism of effect of
neostigmine and pyridostigmine.
Tacrolimus: increased risk of nephrotoxicity
Metabolism
Only 3% of dose is absorbed. Approximately 97% of an
oral dose is excreted unchanged in the faeces
