Description
Thrombin is the last enzyme in the clotting cascade functioning to cleave fibrinogen to fibrin and potentiates the procoagulation process by activating factors V, VIII, XI, and XIII. Conversely, thrombin aids the anticoagulant process by activating protein C. Activated protein C inhibits activated factors V and VIII ultimately down-
regulating further thrombin production. Thrombin is often used as a potent platelet activator
in vitro. Platelet responses to thrombin are mediated through protease-
activated receptors (PARs). Thrombin-
mediated signaling regulates a diverse range of metabolic processes including activation of phospholipases in platelets, endothelial cells, and cardiac myocytes.
Chemical Properties
dark green to black powder or crystals
Uses
Thionine Chloride is used in the preparation of carbon paste electrode with covalently immobilized thionine for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide
Uses
Thrombin is used for site specific cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins containing an accessible thrombin recognition site for removal of affinity tags. Thrombin has been used in a study to assess
in vitro hemostatic properties of French lyophilized plasma.
Preparation
The first thiazine dye, named after its dis coverer, was Lauth's Violet, which was obtained in 1876 by joint oxidation of 1,4-phenylenediamine and hydrogen sulfide with iron(III) chloride.
Definition
ChEBI: An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration
f Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.
General Description
Thrombin is the final coagulation protease in regard to hemostasis, promoting both procoagulant and anticoagulant effects. Thrombin is also known as coagulation factor IIa. It is a serine endopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide and ester bonds specifically at the carboxylic side of arginine. This enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Description
Thrombin Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 296 amino acids (328-622) and having a molecular mass of 33.9 kDa.
Background
Coagulation factor II (F2) is proteolytically cleaved to form thrombin in the 1
st step of the coagulation cascade which ultimately results in the stemming of blood loss. F2 also has a role in preserving vascular integrity during development and postnatal life. F2 gene mutations lead to various forms of thrombosis and dysprothrombinemia.
References
[1] COUGHLIN S R. Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors[J]. Nature, 2000, 407 6801: 258-264. DOI:
10.1038/35025229[2] C. S. GIBBS. Conversion of thrombin into an anticoagulant by protein engineering[J]. Nature, 1995, 378 6555: 413-416. DOI:
10.1038/378413a0[3] KAPOOR J R. Platelet activation and atherothrombosis.[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2008, 358 15: 1638; author reply 1638-9. DOI:
10.1056/nejmc080056[4] J MCHOWAT M H C. Thrombin activates a membrane-associated calcium-independent PLA2 in ventricular myocytes.[J]. American Journal of Physiology, 1998, 274 2: C447-54. DOI:
10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.2.c447
