Description
Febuxostat, a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, was launched for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. Hyperuricemia is defined as a serum uric acid concentration exceeding the limit of solubility. It predisposes affected persons to gout, a disease characterized by the formation of crystals of monosodium urate or uric acid from supersaturated fluids in joints and other tissues. Crystal deposition is asymptomatic, but it is revealed by bouts of joint inflammation. If left untreated, further crystals accumulate in joints and can form deposits known as tophi. A major aim in gout management is the long-term reduction of serum uric acid concentrations below saturation levels, as this results in crystal dissolution and eventual disappearance.
Febuxostat is a nonpurine derivative with higher potency and selectivity than allopurinol for inhibiting xanthine oxidase. It completely inhibits human xanthine oxidase activity in the lung cancer cell line A549, whereas the activities of other enzymes involved in purine or pyrimidine metabolism (e.g., purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenosine deaminase, and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase) are affected by<4%.
Chemical Properties
Crystalline Solid
Physical properties
Febuxostat has low solubility. It is almost insoluble in acidic conditions, slightly soluble in neutral conditions, and slightly more soluble in alkaline conditions. It is not suitable for making injections, but it can be taken orally because of its high oil-water partition coefficient and strong ability to cross cell membranes.
Originator
Teijin (Japan)
Uses
Febuxostat is a new generation xanthine oxidase inhibitor developed by Tejin Co. (Japan,) used clinically for for long-term treatment of hyperuicemia (gout,) a new and highly effective non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. 40-120 mg/day febuxostat was proven effective in lowering serum urate levels when administered to manage hyperuricemia in patients with gout. It is not recommended for gout patients without hyperuricemia.
Preparation
Febuxostat can be synthesized in a multistep sequence from 2,4-dicyanophenol, starting with the alkylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group with isobutyl bromide and potassium carbonate, followed by treatment with thioacetamide in hot dimethyl formamide to yield 3-cyano-4-isobutoxythiobenzamide. Cyclization of the thioamide group with 2-chloroacetoacetic acid ethyl ester in refluxing ethanol affords 2-(3-cyano-4-isoutoxyphenyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, which is hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to produce febuxostat.
Definition
ChEBI: Febuxostat is a 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. It has a role as an EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor. It is an aromatic ether, a nitrile and a 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid.
brand name
Uloric, Adenuric
General Description
Febuxostat is a potent, non-purine compound, which inhibits the expression of cytokines/chemokines. It has also been reported to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α, VCAM-1, MMP9 and MCP-1 expression.
Biological Activity
Febuxostat is an antihyperuricemic nonpurine inhibitor of both the oxidized and reduced forms of xanthine oxidase. It inhibits bovine milk xanthine oxidase as well as mouse and rat liver xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase (IC50s = 1.4, 1.8, and 2.2 nM, respectively). It is 10-30 times more potent than the hypoxanthine analog allopurinol (; Kis = 0.7 nM and 0.7 μM, respectively). Febuxostat decreases the serum level of urate in a potassium oxonate rat model of hyperuricemia (ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg). It reduces hepatic macrovesicular steatosis in mice fed a high-fat diet containing trans fatty acids when administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day. Febuxostat (0.75 mg/kg) also increases CNS expression of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2 (GOT2) and improves neurological symptoms in a mouse model of secondary progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Formulations containing febuxostat have been used in the treatment of symptomatic hyperuricemia in patients with gout.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Febuxostat is a potent non-purine xanithine oxidase inhibitor. Febuxostat is used in urate lowering therapies (ULTs) for the treatment of gout.
Clinical Use
Fabuxostat was discovered by Teijin Pharmaceuticals and
licensed to TAP Pharmaceuticals (which is currently part of Takeda
Pharmaceuticals) and was approved in the U.S. for the treatment of
hyperuricemia in patients with gout. It is a once-daily non-purine
based agent with potent inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase.
The safety profile of the drug also does not require dose
adjustment for patients with mild to moderate renal or hepatic
impairment. Febuxostat is the first new agent cleared for this indication
in 40 years.
Side effects
The incidence of adverse events such as dizziness, diarrhea, headache, and nausea with febuxostat was similar to allopurinol. Febuxostat is contraindicated in patients being treated with the xanthine oxidase substrates such as azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and theophylline.
Synthesis
There are a number of routes available to
prepare this agent as discussed in recent publications. The synthesis
shown in Scheme 10 is a short and concise route and does
not require the use of toxic reagents. Thus the commercially
available and easily prepared 4-hydroxythiobenzamide (52) was
reacted with ethyl bromoacetoacetate (53) in refluxing ethanol to
provide the thiazole ester 54 in 60% yield after crystallization.
The phenolic ester 54 was then treated with hexamethylenetetramine
(HMTA) in polyphosphoric acid at 80 C to provide the crude aldehyde 55 (74% conversion by HPLC). Reaction of phenol 55 and
isobutyl bromide (56) in the presence of potassium carbonate with
catalytic potassium iodide in DMF gave isobutyl ether 57 (64%, two
steps). This ether was then converted in one pot to nitrile 58 in 93%
by reacting the aldehyde with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and
sodium formate in refluxing formic acid. Saponification of the ester
58 with aqueous sodium hydroxide provided fabuxostat (X).
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Azathioprine: avoid concomitant use, increased risk
of neutropenia.
Cytotoxics: avoid concomitant use with
mercaptopurine.
Theophylline: use with caution
Metabolism
Extensively metabolised by conjugation via the uridine
diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) enzyme
system, and by oxidation via the cytochrome P450
isoenzyme system to form active metabolites. About 49%
of a dose is excreted via the urine, and 45% via the faeces
(12% as unchanged drug)
Mode of action
Xanthine oxidase is the main enzyme promoting uric acid production. It works by non-competitively blocking the molybdenum pterin center, which is the active site of xanthine oxidase. Through highly selective inhibition of oxidized and reduced xanthine oxidase, Febuxostat can reduce the synthesis of uric acid, decreasing its concentration and effectively treating gout. Through liver metabolism, Xanthine oxidase does not rely on renal excretion, so patients with moderate to severe liver and kidney dysfunction do not need to reduce dosages. Febuxostat is a non-purine XOR inhibitor, so it is very safe.
