Description
Enoxaparin sodium is the sodium salt of a low-molecular-mass heparin that is obtained by alkaline depolymerisation of the benzyl ester derivative of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. Enoxaparin sodium is an antithrombotic agent (ATC code B01AB05) characterized by a higher ratio of antithrombotic activity to anticoagulant activity compared to unfractionated heparin.
Specifically, Enoxaparin sodium as the sodium salt of depolymerized Heparin is subject to characteristic structural modifications from the effects of the depolymerization reaction. Characteristic structures such as partial transformation of glucosamines into mannosamines, formation of 1,6-anydro derivatives and 2,3 epoxide residues with subsequent conversion to galacturonic acid and the change in the proportion of the sulfated and non-sulfated residues are some of the changes that constitute Enoxaparin a structurally difficult to characterize molecule. As such no single technique or parameter is adequate to fully characterize the Enoxaparin molecule as part of a biosimilarity exercise against the reference.
Chemical Properties
degree of sulphatation is ~ 2 per disaccharide
Uses
Enoxaparin is marketed under the brand name Lovenox and as a generic drug under the name enoxaparin sodium for injection.
Enoxaparin sodium is intended for use in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis; prophylaxis of ischemic complications of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, and treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis.
Uses
Enoxaparin Sodium can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of atrial fibrillation cause of stroke.
Indications
Enoxaparin sodium is a gold standard for antithrombosis which has the largest number of indications among all LMWHs. Prophylaxis of vein thrombosis diseases (prevent intra-vein thrombosis), treatment of deep venous thrombosis, Prevention of thrombus formation in the in vitro circulation during hemodialysis, treatment of acute unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, administered with Aspirin.
brand name
Lovenox
(Sanofi Aventis).
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Enoxaparin may be useful for prophylaxis or treatment of deep vein
thrombosis or pulmonary embolus. Recent pharmacokinetic work
in dogs and cats, raises questions whether the drug can be effectively
and practically administered long-term. In humans, it is also
indicated for prevention of ischemic complications associated with
unstable angina/non Q-wave MI.
