CALAMUS OIL Struktur

CALAMUS OIL

Bezeichnung:CALAMUS OIL

Englisch Name:CALAMUS OIL

CBNumberCB5367892

Molgewicht0

CALAMUS OIL physikalisch-chemischer Eigenschaften

alpha	aD20 +9 to +31°
Dichte	d2020 0.960-0.970
Brechungsindex	nD20 1.507-1.515
Farbe	Volatile oil. Yellow to yellowish-brown liquid(viscid)
Geruch (Odor)	aromatic odor
Geruchsart	herbal
EPA chemische Informationen	Oils, Acorus calamus (8015-79-0)

Sicherheit

Toxizität

LD50 orally in rats (Jammu variety): 777 mg/kg (Taylor)

Gefahreninformationscode (GHS)

CALAMUS OIL Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

Chemische Eigenschaften
The essential oil is obtained by steam distillation of dried rhizomes. Depending on the origin, it exhibits varying physical– chemical constants. The oil has a warm, camphor-like odor. The flavor of the calamus oil is equally warm-spicy, yet slightly bitter with a slowly growing, pungent aftertaste. The Indian-type oil is obtained by steam distillation of the fresh root or unpeeled dried root.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Calamus oil (sweet flag oil) is obtained by steam distillation of fresh or unpeeled, dried roots of Acorus calamus L. (Araceae). It is a yellow to medium brown, moderately viscous liquid with a pleasant, spicy, aromatic odor.
Calamus oil is used in perfumery for spicy, herbaceous notes.However, its use is restricted because of the toxicity of β-asarone (see corresponding IFRA standard). In some countries (e.g., the United States, EU), the use of calamus oil is banned for application in food flavorings and in food. Due to these problems, the oil is produced just on a very small scale, for example, in India.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
The European essential oil is a yellow-brownish liquid. The Indian-type oil is yellow-brown.
Verwenden
In perfumery; as moisturizer in skin and hair preparations. Has been used as a flavoring ingredient and cooking spice.
Definition
Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. Acorus calamus, Araceae.
Trademarks
Acore vrai;Oil of calamus;Sweet flag root.
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
Calamus, the dried rhizome of acorus calamus, has been used as a bitter and carminative. The World Health Organization has no information further to the above regarding preparations containing calamus or to indicate that they are still commercially manufactured.
Pharmakologie
European Oleum Calami (from A. calamus) demonstrated strong spasmolytic properties when tested on smooth muscle of isolated rat and rabbit intestine, cat trachea, rabbit aorta and rat uterus, and reduced guinea-pig mortality caused by histamine inhalation from 83 to 16% (Maj, Malec & Lastowski, 1966).
The essential oil of Indian A . calamus showed anticonvulsant, antiveratrinic and anti-arrhythmic activity (Madan, Arora & Kapila, 1960). Like quinidine, it combated experimental auricular fibrillation in dogs, prolonged the conduction time and refractory period in the electrocardiogram in cats, antagonized the action of dilute solutions of veratridine on frogs (Rana tigrina) and had an anticonvulsant action against experimental shock, but was not effective in modifying convulsions produced by metrazole.
At concentrations of 50-100 μg/ml the essential oil of A . calamus (European) produced spasmolytic effects, considered to be chiefly myotropic, on isolated smooth muscles from rabbits, guinea-pigs and cats (Shipochliev, 1968a). A 5% emulsion of this oil given iv to cats in a dose of 5-10 mg/kg in physiological saline increased respiratory volume and depressed blood pressure, while guinea-pigs given the oil ip in a dose of 35 mg/kg after preliminary sensitization with egg albumin went into anaphylactic shock (Shipochliev, 1968a). General depression without ataraxia was observed in mice given ip injections of 50 mg/kg as the 5% emulsion, with or without preliminary ip treatment with 150mg iproniazid phosphate/kg 24 hr earlier. The effect on the central nervous system did not resemble that of reserpine (Shipochliev, 1968b).
An oleoresin from rhizomes of Indian A . calamus injected ip into mice at 0.2 g/kg showed only slight sedative activity but considerable potentiation of the sedative activity of sodium pentobarbitone (Dandiya et al 1958).
The steam-volatile fraction of the roots and rhizomes of Indian A. calamus reduces the body temperature of mice and prolongs sleeping time when used with pentobarbitone, hexobarbitone and ethanol. It exacerbates the tonic seizures provoked by convulsive doses of metrazole in rats and potentiates the action of reserpine in reducing amphetamine toxicity in mice excited by aggregation. In anaesthetized cats, iv injection of the oil causes a fall in blood pressure which is not prevented by vagal, adrenergic, or ganglionic blockade and does not appear to be due to any nervous mechanism. The oil causes dilation of the blood vessels of the splanchnic area in cats, constricts the blood vessels of the hind legs of frogs, and prevents the action of acetylcholine, histamine, and barium chloride on isolated guinea-pig ileum (Dandiya & Cullumbine, 1959).
Indian acorus oil (50 mg/kg) potentiated pentobarbitone hypnosis in mice; the potentiating action was antagonized by LSD and dibenzyline hydrochloride either separately or combined (Malhotra, Das & Dhalla, 1962). The same dose delayed the rate of disappearance of sodium pentobarbitone from the blood in dogs.
The content of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline in the rat brain was depleted by ip injection of Indian acorus oil (100 mg/kg), and it has been suggested that the mechanism of action of the oil may be similar to that of reserpine (Malhotra, Prasad, Dhalla & Das, 1961).
In subacute and acute experiments in mice, rats, cats and rabbits, the essential oil from A . calamus (European) exerted a significant sedative and analgesic effect, reduced spontaneous mobility, potentiated the effect of morphine, caused ptosis and reduced body temperature and blood pressure (Maj, Malec & Lastowski, 1964). Enhancement of the. effect of barbiturates did not result from changes in barbiturate metabolism. The oil did not exert cataleptic effects nor reduce the toxicity of amphetamine, and its effect was not influenced by iproniazid, as was characteristic of the oil of Asiatic origin. The oil studied was 12-16% as toxic as the Asiatic o
Anticancer Research
A. calcamus is one of the important herbs known for its immense medicinal potential.It is an aromatic herb with the creeping rhizome locally known by variousnames like Bachh and Sweet Flag, belongs to taxonomic family Acoraceae (Meenaet al. 2010). It has a diverse range of pharmacological properties including the treatmentof diseases like cancer, ulcer, hepatitis, spasm, schizophrenia, gout, arthritis,and anorexia (Singh et al. 2011; Ranjan et al. 2016). It is the source of innumerablephytoconstituents such as glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols,and lectins. The essential oils obtained from this herb constitutes several volatilecompounds such as calamene, calameone, calamenenol, α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, camphene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, eugenyl acetate,isoeugenol, azulene, eugenol methyl ether, calamol, asaronaldehyde, dipentene,terpinolene, camphor, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene, α-asarone, and β-asarone(Palani et al. 2009; Haghighi et al. 2017). Due to these biologically active phytocompounds,A. calamus is having a high demand, and thus overexploited. The seedset in this plant is seen rarely and inadequate; therefore, vegetative propagation isthe chief method of propagation. The plant extracts have been documented to possessanticancer activity against various human carcinoma cells (Chaturvedi andChaturvedi 2016; Haghighi et al. 2017).
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See also individual components.

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