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D-Trimannuronic acid, an alginate oligomer is extracted from seaweed. D-Trimannuronic acid can induce TNF‐α secretion by mouse macrophage cell lines. D-Trimannuronic acid can be used for the research of pain and vascular dementia[1][2][3].

[1] Iwamoto M, et, al. Structure-activity relationship of alginate oligosaccharides in the induction of cytokine production from RAW264.7 cells. FEBS Lett. 2005 Aug 15; 579(20): 4423-9. DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.007
[2] Geng M, et, al. Application of sodium alginate oligose and derivative to treatment of pain. CN106344595A.
[3] Geng M, et, al. Application of sodium alginate oligose and derivative to treatment of vascular dementia. CN106344593A