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D-Hexamannuronic acid, an alginate oligomer, is produced by marine brown algae and by a limited range of Gram negative bacteria. D-Hexamannuronic acid can be used for the research of pain and vascular dementia[1][2][3][4].

[1] Heyraud A, et, al. HPLC analysis of saturated or unsaturated oligoguluronates and oligomannuronates. Application to the determination of the action pattern of Haliotis tuberculata alginate lyase. Carbohydr Res. 1996 Sep 23; 291:115-26. DOI:10.1016/s0008-6215(96)00138-3
[2] Iwamoto M, et, al. Structure-activity relationship of alginate oligosaccharides in the induction of cytokine production from RAW264.7 cells. FEBS Lett. 2005 Aug 15; 579(20): 4423-9. DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.007
[3] Geng M, et, al. Application of sodium alginate oligose and derivative to treatment of pain. CN106344595A.
[4] Geng M, et, al. Application of sodium alginate oligose and derivative to treatment of vascular dementia. CN106344593A.