Uses
Penconazole is an conazole based fungicide that works by inhibiting cell membrane ergosterol biosynthesis, thus stopping the development of fungi.
Uses
Penconazole is used for the control of powdery mildew,
pome fruit scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and
Deuteromycetes on vines, cucurbits, pome fruit, stone fruit, ornamentals,
hops, tobacco and vegetables.
Definition
ChEBI: 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole is a member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group. It is a dichlorobenzene and a member of triazoles.
Agricultural Uses
Fungicide: Penconazole is a systemic fungicide used to control
powdery mildew. It is used on apples and grapes and
other fruits, hops, tobacco, ornamentals and on vegetables.
Not currently registered in the U.S. Reported to be used in
most European countries. Currently, there are more than
30 global suppliers.
Trade name
AWARD®; CGA-71818®; ONMEX®;
TOPAS®; TOPAS-C®; TOPAS-MZ®; TOPAZ®;
TOPAZE®; TOPAZE-C®; TOPENCO 100EC®
Safety Profile
Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin contact. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of NOx and Clí.
Metabolic pathway
Penconazole is metabolised in plants by hydroxylation of the propyl side
chain and conjugation or metabolism to triazolylalanine and triazolylacetic
acid. It is quite persistent in soils but degradation by sunlight
requires only a few days. It is eliminated rapidly from mammals.
Degradation
Penconazole (1) is stable to hydrolysis at pH 1-13 and at temperatures up
to 350 °C. It is degraded in sunlight with a DT50 of 4 days in natural sunlight.
Its photochemical reactions have been studied. On irradiation with
light of wavelengths greater than 280 nm (high-pressure mercury lamp
with filter), the major reaction was the formation of a cyclised product (2)
(Scheme 1). Irradiation under the same conditions in isopropanol gave
mainly 2 and 3 (a dechlorinated product). After 8 hours, yields were 29.8%
of 2 and 12.3% of 3 respectively. The product 3 alone photodegraded
only slowly but 2 was completely photolysed within 3 hours to further
products, indicating its role as an intermediate in the photolytic pathways
(Schwack and Hartmann, 1992, 1994). In the presence of isopropanol,
photodehalogenation of 3 to 4 competed with substitution of a
solvent molecule to give a low yield (
