Anticancer Research
It is a kind of anthocyanidin and a common pigment found in many red berriesincluding raspberry, grapes, acai berry, bilberry, loganberry, blackberry, hawthorn,blueberry, elderberry, cherry, and cranberry. It is an antioxidant and free radicalscavenging agent. It affects the colon cancer cell growth by inhibiting nitric oxidesynthase and COX-2 gene expression. The derivative, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G),plays a role in the reduction of AP-1 activation and NF-κB and phosphorylation ofMEK, MKK4, Akt, and MAPKs and blocks the activation of Fyn kinase signalingpathway and ErbB2/cSrc/FAK pathway. It is inhibits the UVB-induced COX2expression and PGE2 secretion by suppressing AP-1, NF-κB, MKK4, MEK1, andRaf-1. Cyanidin-3-galactoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside are found to be BCRPsubstrates, and cyanidin, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside arefound to be BCRP inhibitors (Wang et al. 2012).
