Chemical Properties
Crystals. Melting point 112-116°C (101°C). Sparingly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and freely soluble in methanol. Its hydrochloride (C????H????NO·HCl), also known as Akineton (Akinophyl), appears as white crystals. It decomposes at approximately 275°C, although its melting point has also been reported to be 238°C.
Originator
Akineton HCl,Knoll,US,1959
Definition
ChEBI: N-Propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens are substituted by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all form
of Parkinson's disease.
Manufacturing Process
65 grams of 3-piperidino-1-phenyl propanone-1 of the summary formula
C14H29ON, produced according to Mannich's reaction by reacting acetophenone
with formaldehyde and piperidine hydrochloride are dissolved in 300 cc of
benzene. The resulting solution is added to an organo-magnesium solution
prepared from 96 grams of [δ5-bicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptenyl-2]-chloride (also
known as 5-chloro-2-norbomene) 18.5 grams of magnesium shavings, and
300 cc of ether.
The reaction mixture is boiled for half an hour under reflux. Thereafter the
ether is removed by distillation, until the inside temperature reaches 65°-
70°C. The resulting benzene solution is added to 95 cc concentrated
hydrochloric acid containing ice for further processing. Thereby, 3-piperidino-
1-phenyl-1-[δ5-bicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptenyl-2]-propanol-1 of the summary
formula C21H29ON is obtained. The compound melts at 101°C and its
chlorohydrate has a melting point of about 238°C. The compound is difficultly
soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and readily soluble in methanol.
Brand name
Akineton
(Abbott).
Therapeutic Function
Antiparkinsonian
General Description
Biperiden,α-5-norbornen-2-yl- -phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol (Akineton), introduced in 1959,has a relatively weak visceral anticholinergic, but a strongnicotinolytic, action in terms of its ability to block nicotineinducedconvulsions. Therefore, its neurotropic action israther low on intestinal musculature and blood vessels. It hasa relatively strong musculotropic action, which is aboutequal to that of papaverine, in comparison with most syntheticanticholinergic drugs. Its action on the eye, althoughmydriatic, is much lower than that of atropine. These weakanticholinergic effects add to its usefulness in Parkinson syndromeby minimizing side effects.
Clinical Use
Biperiden is used in all types of Parkinson disease (postencephalitic,idiopathic, arteriosclerotic) and helps toeliminate akinesia, rigidity, and tremor. It is also usedin drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders to eliminatesymptoms and permit continued use of tranquilizers.Biperiden is also of value in spastic disorders not related toparkinsonism, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury,and cerebral palsy. It is contraindicated in all formsof epilepsy.
Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion,subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes.When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes ofNOx.
Synthesis
Biperiden, 1-(5-norbornen-2-yl)-1-phenyl-3-piperidinopropan-1-ol (10.2.4), is
also synthesized according to the method of making trihexyphenidyl, except by reacting
2-(1-piperidino)propiophenone (10.2.1) with 5-norbornen-2-ylmagnesiumbromide [33,34].
