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p-Cresyl sulfate (p-Tolyl sulfate) is a uremic toxin, that can cause renal damage and dysfunction. p-Cresyl sulfate shows antiproliferation activity. p-Cresyl sulfate increases the protein expression of HIF-1α and VHL, decreases the protein expression of HIF-2α. p-Cresyl sulfate induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). p-Cresyl sulfate activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways[1][2][3].

ChEBI:P-cresol sulfate is an aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group. It has a role as a human metabolite, a uremic toxin and a gut flora metabolite. It is functionally related to a p-cresol. It is a conjugate acid of a p-cresol sulfate(1-).

Microbial Metabolite; Human Endogenous Metabolite

[1] Wu TK, et al. The uremic toxin p-cresyl sulfate induces proliferation and migration of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via microRNA-21/ HIF-1α axis signals. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 1;9(1):3207. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-39646-9
[2] Koppe L, et al. p-Cresyl sulfate promotes insulin resistance associated with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Jan;24(1):88-99. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2012050503
[3] Tanaka H, et al. p-Cresyl sulfate induces osteoblast dysfunction through activating JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. Bone. 2013 Oct;56(2):347-54. DOI:10.1016/j.bone.2013.07.002