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  n-Propylammonium iodide (PAI) is normally used as an additive to perovskite precursor solution to tune the properties of perovskite structures, such as band-gap, stability and electrical conductivity.
  By introducing a bulkier organic cation (such as PAI) to the perovskite material with a structure of APbX3, the distance between Pb–I structural units is increased. The longer propyl chain causes the APbX3 perovskite crystal structure to become restricted in dimensions it can propagate along, shifting the crystalline structure from a 3D structure to a 2D structure. The 2D crystalline structures can be used for the fabrication of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), or they can be incorporated into the standard methylammonium framework - which can lead to the formation of 2D-3D hybrid structures - thus improving the stability and electronic properties of grain boundaries within thin films. ;

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