Histone H4 is one of four core histone proteins, the others being H3, H2B, and H2A, that are involved in the organization of DNA into chromatin.1 Histones are subject to a variety of posttranslational modifications, such as methylation, acetylation, and citrullination, that can influence chromatin structure and regulate gene transcription. Histone H4 can be citrullinated at the arginine residue at position 3 (H4R3) by protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4; Item No. 10500).2 Citrullination of H4R3 increases in U2OS cells following induction of DNA damage by adriamycin (doxorubicin; Item No. 15007) and is localized near fragmented nuclei.3 H4R3 citrullination is associated with smaller tumor size and inversely associated with p53 levels in tumor tissue samples derived from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Citrullinated histone H4 is present in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) generated by stimulation of granulocytes with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; Item No. 10008014) and can be recognized by autoantibodies present in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.4 This product contains purified histone H4 (human, recombinant) (Item No. 10264) that has been modified with PAD4 enzyme, which is subsequently depleted by affinity chromatography.WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.
