Bcl10, also designated CIPER, c-CARMEN and mE10, was first identified as a gene truncated or mutated in MALT B cell lymphomas and other tumor types. Bcl10 is homologous to the equine herpesvirus-2 E10 gene and, like E10, it contains an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). Expression of Bcl10 has been shown to induce NFκB activation in a NIK-dependent pathway, and research indicates that the CARD domain is essential for this activation; although in a separate study, Bcl10 by itself did not induce JNK or NFκB activation. Overexpression of Bcl10 has been shown to induce apoptosis in a manner dependent on CARD-mediated oligomerization. Bcl10 has also been shown to play a role in processing of caspase-9 to its active dimer. Other studies have shown that Bcl10 is not mutated in many human tumors and lymphomas.