INF39 is an orally active acrylate derivative and a non-cytotoxic INF4E analog (no toxicity at 100 μM in THP-1 cultures vs. TC50 = 65 μM with INF4E) that acts as an irreversible inhibitor against NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3) ATPase activity (52% inhibition in 15 min by 100 μM INF39; 105 ng human NLP3 & 250 μM ATP) essential for the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation. INF39 effectively decreases 5 mM (30 min) ATP-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release and pyroptosis of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages in cultures (by 55-58% and 43-65%, respectively, with 1-hr 10 μM INF39 pretreatment of LPS-primed BMDM) and alleviates gut-associated inflammation in a rat model of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in vivo (12.5-50 mg/kg/day in 0.2 mL olive oil p.o.).
