[1,1'-Biphenyl]-3,3'-dipropanoic acid, α3,α3'-diamino-6,6'-dihydroxy-, hydrochloride (1:2)

Dityrosine is a protein oxidation product that is formed by intermolecular cross-linking of two tyrosyl radicals generated from the interaction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tyrosine.^1,2 Intragastric administration of dityrosine (320 μg/kg per day) decreases hippocampal expression of the NMDA receptor subunits Nr1, Nr2a, and Nr2b and induces memory impairments in a novel object recognition test in mice.² It increases fasting blood glucose levels and decreases plasma insulin levels and pancreatic expression of the insulin synthesis-related genes Ins2, Pdx1, and MafA in mice.³ Increased levels of dityrosine are positively correlated with various diseases, including autism spectrum disorder, cataracts, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, atherosclerosis, and cystic fibrosis.^4,5

1. Amadò, R., Aeschbach, R., and Neukom, H. Dityrosine: In vitro production and characterization Methods Enzymol. 107,377-388(1984).
2. Ran, Y., Yan, B., Li, Z., et al. Dityrosine administration induces novel object recognition deficits in young adulthood mice Physiol. Behav. 164(Pt A),292-299(2016).
3. Ding, Y.Y., Li, Z.Q., Cheng, X.R., et al. Dityrosine administration induces dysfunction of insulin secretion accompanied by diminished thyroid hormones T3 function in pancreas of mice Amino Acids 49(8),1401-1414(2017).
4. Anwar, A., Abruzzo, P.M., Pasha, S., et al. Advanced glycation endproducts, dityrosine and arginine transporter dysfunction in autism - a source of biomarkers for clinical diagnosis Mol. Autism 9,3(2018).
5. DiMarco, T., and Giulivi, C. Current analytical methods for the detection of dityrosine, a biomarker of oxidative stress, in biological samples Mass Spectrom. Rev. 26(1),108-120(2007).