Docosahexaenoic Acid 1,2,3,4-13C

Docosahexaenoic acid 1,2,3,4-13C (DHA 1,2,3,4-13C) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of DHA (Item Nos. 90310 | 17950) by GC- or LC-MS. DHA is a long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in fish and algal oils.1 It comprises approximately 40% of total brain PUFAs and is abundant in grey matter and retinal membranes.2 DHA typically represents 0.52-7.5% of human total plasma fatty acids. It is produced from α-linolenic acid (ALA; Item Nos. 90210 | 21910) via a series of desaturase- and elongase-catalyzed reactions, resulting in a docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; Item Nos. 90165 | 21907) intermediate, which is elongated, desaturated, and β-oxidized to produce DHA.3 DHA can be liberated from cellular membranes by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and converted to numerous oxylipins, including specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are produced by lipoxygenases and include D-series protectins and resolvins, as well as maresins, that regulate host defense and the resolution of inflammation.4 DHA has roles in several physiological and pathological processes, including neural development, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and inflammation.3,5WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

[1] CONNYE N. KURATKO  Norman S Jr. Biomarkers of DHA status[J]. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 2009, 81 2: Pages 111-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.007
[2] R.J.SCOTT LACOMBE  Richard P B  Raphaël Chouinard Watkins. Brain docosahexaenoic acid uptake and metabolism[J]. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2018, 64: Pages 109-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.12.004
[3] CALDER P. Docosahexaenoic Acid[J]. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2016, 306 1: 8-21. DOI: 10.1159/000448262
[4] MARIA C. BASIL  Bruce D L. Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2015, 16 1: 51-67. DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.4
[5] ILSE A C ARNOLDUSSEN  Amanda J K. Impact of DHA on metabolic diseases from womb to tomb.[J]. Marine Drugs, 2014, 12 12: 6190-6212. DOI: 10.3390/md12126190