Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS and its lipid A moiety stimulate cells of the innate immune system by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor protein family, which recognizes common pathogen-associated molecular-patterns (PAMPs).
Lipopolysaccharides from
Salmonella enterica serotype
typhimurium has been used:
- in mice to elicit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
- to induce cytokine production in monocytes
- to elicit the activation of NF-κB pathway in mouse dendritic cells.
- to induce inflammatory response in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells
- for stimulation of the catfish peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) to study estrogen receptor mRNA expression
This product is phenol extracted from Salmonella typhimurium. The source strain is ATCC 7823. This LPS has been used to induce NOS in rats and guinea pigs.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are localized in the outer layer of the membrane and are, in noncapsulated strains, exposed on the cell surface. They contribute to the integrity of the outer membrane, and protect the cell against the action of bile salts and lipophilic antibiotics.
