Endothelin-3 (human, rat) (trifluoroacetate salt)

Endothelin-3 is a peptide vasoconstricter and a ligand of the endothelin (ET) receptors ET_A and ET_B (K_bs = 1.05 and 1.49, respectively). It induces β-arrestin recruitment in CHO-K1 cells expressing human ET_A and ET_B (pD₂s = 7.31 and 9.44, respectively). Endothelin-3 increases blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats when administered at doses of 310 and 955 pmol/kg, respectively. It also stimulates migration and adhesion of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) to the embryonic gut in mice via interaction with ET_B. Mutations in the endothelin-3 gene, Edn3, induce distal aganglionosis caused by failed colonization of ENCCs in the hindgut and lack of ENCC migration to the ileo-caecal junction in mice.