Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid peptide that has roles as a hormone and neurotransmitter and has diverse biological activities, including roles in vasodilation, inflammation, and metabolism, as well as regulation of the circadian rhythm.1 It is an agonist of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 (VPAC1) and VPAC2, inducing adenylate cyclase activity with EC50 values of 3 and 8 nM, respectively, in CHO cell membranes expressing the recombinant human receptors, and is selective for these receptors over proteasome assembly chaperone 1 (PAC1; Ki = 500-1,000 nM in radioligand binding assays).2,3 VIP (10-300 nM) induces relaxation of isolated human fundus or antrum circular smooth muscle strips precontracted with carbachol (carbamoylcholine; Item No. 14486).4 It reduces increases in gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow induced by the CCK2 receptor agonist pentagastrin (Item No. 28546) in conscious dogs when administered intravenously at a dose of 8 µg/kg.5 VIP (5-10 nmol/animal, i.p.) decreases serum and peritoneal lavage levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and reduces mortality in a mouse model of LPS-induced endotoxemia.6 It inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells and isolated human peripheral blood monocytes.7 It also inhibits production of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in SARS-CoV-2-infected Calcu-3 cells.WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.
