Palmitoleic acid is an ω-7 monounsaturated fatty acid that has been found in macadamia and sea buckthorn oils. It increases basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes when used at a concentration of 200 μM. Ex vivo, palmitoleic acid (300 mg/kg per day) increases glucose uptake and aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and reduces de novo fatty acid synthesis and activity of the lipogenic enzymes ATP citrate lyase (ACL) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in isolated murine adipocytes. Dietary administration of palmitoleic acid (300 mg/kg) reduces high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and liver inflammation in mice.
