Neomycin

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Neomycin 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

• 개요

  Neomycin is an antibiotic from the aminoglycoside group, and has two isomers - neomycin Band neomycin C. Occupational contact dermatitis mainly occurs in workers at animal-feed mills, in veterinaries and in health workers.

• 용도

  Neomycin, like streptomycin, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. It is effective with respect to the majority of Gram-negative and a few Gram-positive bacteria; staphylococci, pneumococci, gonococci, meningococci, and stimulants of dysentery. It is not very active with respect to streptococci. The antibiotic effect of neomycin with respect to many types of bacteria is higher than that of streptomycin. At the same time, microorganisms sensitive to neomycin become resistant to a lesser degree than streptomycin.
  It is used for various gastrointestinal diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to it, including enteritis, which is caused by microbes that are resistant to antibiotics. However, because of its high oto- and nephrotoxicity, its local use is preferred for infected skin diseases, infected wounds, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and others. Synonyms of this drug are framycetin, soframycin, tautomycin, and others.

• 정의

  An antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces fradiae; it is soluble in water and methanol but insoluble in most organic solvents. It consists of three component substances, all of which function as antiinfective agents; some derivatives have fungicidal properties. The three types are A (also called neamine): C12H26N4O6; B: C 23H46N6O13 (also available as hydrochloride and sulfate); and C: C23H46O13

• Antimicrobial activity

  Among other organisms susceptible in vitro (MIC 4–8 mg/L) are Pasteurella, Vibrio, Borrelia and Leptospira spp. It is active against M. tuberculosis, including streptomycin-resistant strains. Synergy has been reported with polymyxin B. The bactericidal effect is enhanced at alkaline pH.

• 원료

  Resistance is acquired in a stepwise fashion and staphylococci may become resistant as a result of prolonged topical use. The use of neomycin–bacitracin–polymyxin mixtures may contribute to this, as many strains resistant to neomycin are also resistant to bacitracin. Resistant enterobacteria may appear in the feces of patients treated orally and in those treated for prolonged periods; most have been found to possess multiple transferable antibiotic resistance. Cross-resistance with kanamycin is often due to the synthesis of APH(3′), although AAC(6′) some forms of AAC(3) and ANT(4′) also modify both neomycin and kanamycin. Resistant strains of Staph. aureus are usually more resistant to kanamycin than to neomycin. The rare enzyme AAC(1) confers resistance to neomycin and paromomycin, but not to other aminoglycosides.

• 색상 색인 번호

  Neomycin is an antibiotic complex of the aminoglycosides group, extracted from Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycin A (neamin) and an isomer neobiosamin, either neomycin B (framycetin or Soframycin?) or neomycin C. Its use has been progressively forbidden in cosmetics and as an additive for animal feed. Occupational contact dermatitis occurs in workers at animal feed mills, in veterinaries, or in health workers. Nonoccupational dermatitis mainly concerns patients with chronic dermatitis, leg ulcers, or chronic otitis. Cross-sensitivity is usual with other aminoglycosides (amikacin, arbekacin, butirosin, dibekacin, gentamicin, isepamicin, kanamycin, paromomycin, ribostamycin, sisomycin, tobramycin), is rare with netilmicin and streptomycin, but nonexistent with spectinomycin.

• Mechanism of action

  Neomycin has a wide spectrum of antibacterial action. It is effective against both a number of Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative microorganisms. However, it is able to bind with cholesterol and bile salts. In combination with other bile salt-reducing drugs or nicotinic acid, neomycin is able to block cholesterol and bile salt absorption, which significantly increases the level of cholesterol in the plasma.

• Pharmacokinetics

  C_{max 0.5 g intramuscular: 20 mg/L after 1 h
  Plasma half-life: 2–3 h
  Volume of distribution: 0.25–0.35 L/kg
  Plasma protein binding: Low
  Very little is absorbed after oral administration and more than 95% is eliminated unchanged in the feces. Peak plasma concentrations of less than 4 mg/L have been found after an oral dose of 3 g. Distribution and excretion resemble that of streptomycin, but the toxicity of neomycin precludes systemic administration except in the most extreme cases.}

• Clinical Use

  Superficial infections with staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli (topical; alone or in combination with bacitracin, chlorhexidine or polymyxin)
  Treatment of staphylococcal nasal carriers (topical, in combination with chlorhexidine or bacitracin)
  Eye infections (topical; alone or in combination)
  Otitis externa (alone or with a corticosteroid)
  Gut decontamination before abdominal surgery (oral)
  Prophylaxis after urinary tract instrumentation (instillation)
  Use is discouraged because of the possibility of promoting the appearance of aminoglycoside-resistant strains, and because of the risk of absorption with the consequent danger of systemic toxicity or neuromuscular blockade.

• 부작용

  Neomycin is the most likely of all the aminoglycosides to damage the kidneys and the auditory branch of the eighth nerve. This has almost entirely restricted it to topical and oral use.
  Irreversible deafness may develop even if the drug is stopped at the first sign of damage. Loss of hearing may occur as a result of topical applications to wounds or other denuded areas, particularly if renal excretion is impaired. Instillation of ear drops containing neomycin can result in deafness. This generally develops in the second week of treatment and is usually reversible.
  Rashes have been described in 6–8% of patients treated topically and these patients may be rendered allergic to other aminoglycosides. Nausea and protracted diarrhea may follow oral administration. Sufficient drug may be absorbed from the gut on prolonged oral administration to produce deafness but not renal damage. Intestinal malabsorption and superinfection have been seen in patients receiving 4–9 g per day and may develop in patients receiving as little as 3 g of the drug per day. Precipitation of bile salts by the drug may impair the hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides. Large doses instilled into the peritoneal cavity at operation may be absorbed, with resultant systemic toxicity, and patients concurrently exposed to anesthetics and muscle relaxants are liable to suffer neuromuscular blockade, which is reversible by neostigmine.

• Safety Profile

  Poison by intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects: changes in hearing acuity, liver tubule changes, and decreased urine volume or anuria. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

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