タブン

タブン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 毒性

  タブンは，有機リン系毒物で神経ガスの一種。毒性の強さでは VX，ソマン，サリンに次ぐが，開発されたのは最も早く，ヒトラー時代のドイツ。比較的簡単に合成でき，20℃で無色または淡黄色で無臭または弱い果実臭の液体。神経末端にアセチルコリンを蓄積することにより，筋肉の痙攣，頻脈，瞳孔の縮小などの中毒症状を呈し，重症の場合には呼吸麻痺による窒息にいたる。イラン= イラク戦争で使用されたことで知られるが，日本でもオウム真理教が製造していたことから話題となった。

  ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 ブリタニカ
  

• 説明

  Tabun is a nonpersistent organophosphorus nerve agent that was first synthesized in 1936 by the German scientist Dr Gerhard Schrader, who would later be known as ‘the father of the nerve agents.’ Dr Schrader was developing new insecticides when he accidentally discovered tabun, the first of the nerve agents. During initial experiments testing tabun on insects, Dr. Schrader and his laboratory assistant were exposed to the vapors and quickly became ill. After learning of its properties and improving its manufacturing, the German government began synthesizing stockpiles of tabun in 1942 and had close to 13 000 tons by the end of World War II. The Allies did not become aware of tabun or other German-made nerve agents until the end of the war. Much of the German stockpiles of tabun were destroyed by dumping into the sea where it decomposes over time.
  Due to their greater lethality, soman and sarin were eventually favored over tabun by the Allied nations. However, the ease of manufacturing tabun makes it a feasible option for countries that are beginning to establish a chemical weapons capability. Due in part to the simplicity and widespread knowledge about its synthesis, Iraq stockpiled and used tabun against Iranian troops in 1984 in the first confirmed instance of nerve agent use in theater.

• 化学的特性

  Liquid. Readily soluble in organic solvents; miscible with water but readily hydrolyzed; destroyed by bleaching powder, generating cyanogen chloride. Combustible.

• 使用

  Tabun is a nerve agent used in chemical warfare. It was the first of the G series of nerve agents to be described and hence was given the designation GA.

• 定義

  tabun: A highly toxic colourless orbrown liquid, C₅H₁₁N₂O₂; r.d. 1.09;m.p. –50°C; b.p. 247.5°C. It is anorganophosphorus compound, ethylN,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate.Tabun was discovered in1936 and belongs to the G-series ofnerve agents (GA). It was used byIraq in the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88).

• 一般的な説明

  Colorless to brown liquid with a faint fruity odor. Used as a chemical warfare agent.

• 空気と水の反応

  Hydrolysis forms hydrogen cyanide.

• 反応プロフィール

  When heated to decomposition, GA. emits very toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus and nitrogen. Avoid water and acids. Can react with oxidizing materials. [EPA, 1998].

• 危険性

  Very toxic by inhalation, cholinesterase inhibitor, amilitary nerve gas, fatal dose (man) 0.01 mg/kg.

• 健康ハザード

  GA. is toxic by inhalation and by absorption through skin and eyes. The lethal dose for humans may be as low as 0.01 mg/kg. GA. is a nerve agent; it acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. The median lethal dosage (respiratory) is 400 mg-minute/m3 for humans; the median incapacitating dosage is 300 mg-minute/m3. Respiratory lethal dosages kill in 1 to 10 minutes; liquid in the eye kills nearly as rapidly. Skin absorption great enough to cause death may occur in 1 to 2 minutes, but may be delayed for 1 to 2 hours.

• 火災危険

  Extremely poisonous. (Non-Specific -- Poison A, Liquid) Keep away from sparks, flames, and sources of ignition. Keep out of water sources and sewers. Hydrolysis forms hydrogen cyanide. When heated to decomposition, GA. emits very toxic fumes of oxides of phosphorus and nitrogen. Avoid water and acids. Can react with oxidizing materials.

• 安全性プロファイル

  Human poison by inhalation, skin contact, and intravenous routes. Experimental poison by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular routes. A nerve gas. Vapor does not penetrate skin; Liquid does so rapidly. The primary physiological action is on the sympathetic nervous system, causing a vasoparesis ('partial paralysis of the vasomotor nerves, which control the diameter of the blood vessels). Vapors when inhaled can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which can be followed by muscular twitclung and convulsions. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of POx, CN-, and NOx. See also PARATHION and CYANIDE.

• 職業ばく露

  GA is a highly persistent (may remain liquid for more than 24 hours) chemical warfare agent; military nerve gas. Nerve agents are more toxic and potent than insecticides. Note: If used as a weapon, notify United States Department of Defense: Army. Damage and/or death may occur before chemical detection can take place. Use M8 paper if available (Detection: yellow) or M256-A1 Detector Kit (Detection limit: 0.005 milligram per cubic meter).

• 輸送方法

  UN2810 Toxic liquids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poison Inhalation Hazard, Technical Name Required. Military driver shall be given full and complete information regarding shipment and conditions in case of emergency. AR 50-6 deals specifically with the shipment of chemical agents. Shipments of agent will be escorted in accordance with AR 740-32.

• 不和合性

  Tabun (GA) decomposes slowly in water; hydrolysis forms hydrogen cyanide. Under acid conditions, GA hydrolyzes to form hydrofluoric acid (HF). Raising the pH increases the rate of decomposition significantly. Rapidly hydrolyzed in basic solutions (Na2CO3, NaOH, or KOH) with a half-life of 1.5 minutes at pH 11 @25℃. GA and its hydrolysis products exhibit no significant phototransformations in sunlight. Tabun and its hydrolysis products are thermally stable at temperatures less than 49 ℃. Reacts with oxidizing materials. Tabun is destroyed by bleaching powder, but the reaction produces cyanogen chloride (CNCl). Decomposes within six months @ 60 ℃. Complete decomposition in 3.5 hours @ 150℃; may produce hydrogen cyanide, oxides of nitrogen; oxides of phosphorus; carbon monoxide; and hydogen cyanide. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas

77-81-6, タブン キーワード