アスファルトヒューム

アスファルトヒューム 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 定義

  (1) 黒色ないし黒褐色の固体または半固体の物質で，天然固形瀝青の一種。天然アスファルトという。本来の石油鉱床から脱出して，沖積層，洪積層などの新しい地層中に集積して鉱床をつくることが多い。化学成分上，パラフィン系以外の諸系族のきわめて複雑な有機物が集合した高分子化合物の混合物で，加熱すると流動性をもつ。この性質を利用して道路の舗装などに用いられる。有名な産地は西インド諸島のトリニダード島。(2) 石油の減圧蒸留の残油で黒ないし黒褐色の半固体炭化水素化合物。石油アスファルトという。減圧蒸留残油そのものをストレート・アスファルトといい，そのままか，乳化剤，安定剤を用いて水で乳化させたアスファルト乳剤，あるいは灯油などの軽質油を混ぜて流動性をもたせたカットバック・アスファルトとしておもに道路舗装に用いられる。ストレート・アスファルトを加熱し，空気を吹込んで酸化重合させて硬くしたものをブローン・アスファルトといい，おもに防水材料として用いられる。石油アスファルトの化学組成はまだ十分には明らかにされていないが，油脂とレジン (この両者をマルテンという) ，アスファルテンから成り，アスファルテン中にマルテンが懸濁してコロイドをつくっているといわれる。

• 解説

  黒色または黒褐色の固体あるいは半固体物質．組成は複雑で，主成分は複雑な高級炭化水素であるが，硫黄，窒素，酸素化合物および無機物を含む．アスファルトは，石油に溶けるペトローレンと，溶けないアスファルテンとからなる．石油精製のときの減圧蒸留残留物として得られる石油アスファルトと，石油が地中で自然の蒸留作用を受けて生じた天然アスファルトとに大別される．石油アスファルトには，原油を熱分解しないで蒸留して重質油分を除いたストレートアスファルトと，空気を吹き込み熱分解しながら蒸留して製造するブローンアスファルトとがある．道路舗装，建築材料などに用いられる．
  森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）

• 用途

  道路舗装材料、ゴム練込み用材料、印刷インキ?塗料?建材?鋳物砂型?舗装材料?防水材料?電気絶縁材料原料、農薬 (失効農薬) (化学工業日報社)

• 主な用途／役割

  アスファルトは、各種の炭化水素を主成分とする固体～半固体の物質で瀝青(れきせい)とも称せられている。地表屋根材等の接着剤原料として使用される。

• 化学的特性

  Asphalt fumes are flammable when hot and may contain hydrogen sulfide and human carcinogen, such as benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. Fumes generated during the production or application of asphalt (a dark-brown to black cement-like substance manufactured by the vacuum distillation of crude petroleum oil).

• 使用

  Acid, alkali, and waterproof coatings; black varnishes, lacquers, baking enamels, and japans; wire-insulation compounds; linoleum and floor tile; paving; insulation; diluent in low-grade rubber compounds; possible source of gasoline, fuel oil, and metallurgical coke.

• 定義

  An asphaltic material or solidified hydrocarbon found only in Utah and Colorado. One of the purest (9.9%) natural bitumens. Said to be the first solid hydrocarbon to be converted to gasoline.

• 一般的な説明

  Dark liquid. A mixture of heavy hydrocarbon residues including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons (Reactive Groups 16, 28, and 29). Depending on the blend includes various heterocyclic hydrocarbons containing sulfur and nitrogen.

• 空気と水の反応

  Insoluble in water.

• 反応プロフィール

  ASPHALT burns readily when heated or ignited in the presence of air or oxygen. May be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring may occur followed by ignition. Mostly unreactive in other settings. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.

• 危険性

  Irritant, skin sensitizer.

• 健康ハザード

  Acute exposure to asphalt fumes causes irritative effects. Certain extracts of asphalt have caused a carcinogenic skin response in experimental animals.
  The chemical composition of vapors and fumes from asphalt products is variable and depends on the crude petroleum source, type of asphalt, temperature, and extent of mixing.1 Therefore, the adverse effects from asphalt may also vary considerably depending on the source of exposure.

• 火災危険

  Flash point data for ASPHALTUM are not available; however ASPHALTUM is probably combustible.

• 工業用途

  Asphalt refers to varieties of naturally occurringbitumen. Asphalt is also produced as a petroleumbyproduct. Both substances are black andlargely soluble in carbon disulfide. Asphalts areof variable consistency, ranging from a highlyviscous fluid to a solid.Asphalt is derived from petroleum in commercialquantities by removal of volatile components.It is an inexpensive construction material used primarily as a cementing andwaterproofing agent.Asphalt is composed of hydrocarbons andheterocyclic compounds containing N2, sulfur,O2; its components vary in molecular weightfrom about 400 to 5000. It is thermoplastic andviscoelastic; at high temperatures or over long loading times it behaves as a viscous fluid; atlow temperatures or short loading times as anelastic body.

• 安全性プロファイル

  Suspected carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. A moderate irritant. May contain carcinogenic components. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, or dry chemical.

• 職業ばく露

  Occupational exposure to asphalt fumes can occur during the transport, storage, production, handling, or use of asphalt. The composition of the asphalt that is produced is dependent on the refining process applied to the crude oil, the source of the crude oil and the penetration grade (viscosity) and other physical characteristics of the asphalt required by the consumer. The process for production of asphalt is essentially a closed-system distillation. Refinery workers are therefore potentially exposed to the fumes during loading of the asphalt for transport from the refinery during routine maintenance, such as leaning of the asphalt storage tanks, or during accidental spills. Most asphalt is used out of doors, in paving and roofing. The workers’ exposure to the fumes is dependent on environmental conditions, work practices, and other factors. These exposures are stated to be generally intermittent and at low concentrations. Workers are potentially exposed also to skin and eye contacts with hot, cut-back, or emulsified asphalts. Spray application of cut-back, or emulsified asphalts may involve respiratory exposure also.

• 輸送方法

  UN1999 Tars, liquid including road oils and cutback bitumens, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.

• 不和合性

  Asphalt and bitumen dust may form explosive mixture with air. Note: Asphalt becomes molten at about 93 C. Asphalt burns readily when heated or ignited in the presence of air or oxygen. May be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring may occur followed by ignition. If heated sufficiently or ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, can burn exothermically. May be ignited by strong oxidizing agents. Mostly unreactive in other settings. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.

• 廃棄物の処理

  Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. Asphalt solids may be landfilled.

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