Manufacturing Process
9.62 g (59 mmoles) 5-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone, 67 ml
toluene, 0.36 g (1.1 mmoles) tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, 4.51 g (68
mmoles) 85% potassium hydroxide and 20 ml (254 mmoles) (R)-(-)-
epichlorhydrine were placed in an appropriate flask fitted with efficient
mechanical stirring, and the mixture was heated under reflux for two hours.
The mixture was allowed to cool to 30°C, 50 ml toluene and 50 ml water were
added and the mixture was vigorously stirred. The organic phase was
removed and the aqueous phase extracted with 25 ml toluene. The combined
organic phases were concentrated at reduced pressure, 31 ml (300 mmoles)
tert-butylamine, 45 ml ethanol and 3 ml deionized water were added, and the
solution was heated under reflux for one hour. The mixture was allowed to
cool to 40°C and the volatile products were distilled at reduced pressure.
Toluene (9 ml) was added to the residue and volatiles were distilled at
reduced pressure. (S)-5-(2,3-Epoxypropoxy)-3,4-dihydro-1(2H)-
naphthalenone with an optical purity greater than 95% was obtained. Toluene
(75 ml) was added to the product, and then, 10 ml of 35% (w/v) hydrochloric
acid and 110 ml water, and the mixture was stirred for fifteen minutes. The
organic phase was decanted and the aqueous one was extracted with 50 ml
toluene. The aqueous phase was basified by addition of a solution of 5.1 g
sodium hydroxide in 150 ml water and extracted twice with toluene (100 and
50 ml, respectively). The combined organic extracts were dried with
anhydrous sodium sulfate, decolorized with active charcoal and filtered.
To the above toluenic solution containing levobunolol as free base, 16 ml
ethanol and the stoichiometric amount of hydrogen chloride were added. The
stirred mixture was cooled below 10°C and kept at this temperature for one
hour. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with toluene, recrystallized
twice from 43 ml ethanol and dried to give 10.0 g (51% yield) of (-)-3,4-
dihydro-5-(3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-1(2H)-naphthalenone
hydrochloride (levobunolol hydrochloride) having a rotary power at 25°C
below -19°.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Levobunolol HCl is a beta1- and beta2-blocking agent similar to
timolol and metipranolol above but without the potential for myocardial
depression or airway constriction noted rarely in veterinary
medicine and occasionally in human patients. Levobunolol is used
in humans with glaucoma responsive to beta adrenergic blocking
agents but who suffer cardiac and respiratory side effects associated
with timolol. Levobunolol HCl and then carteolol HCl would be
suitable Beta blocking agents for feline patients with glaucoma and
asthma, although carbonic anhydrase inhibitors should be used in
such cases prior to adding a Beta blocking agent.
