Chemical Properties
Neutrons are electrically neutral particles found in the nuclei of atoms and are similar in mass to protons, which also are present in the nucleus. Because neutrons have no electrical charge, they do not interact with atomic electrons, but they do interact with atomic nuclei. The nuclear force, which holds particles together in the nucleus and leads to these interactions, has a very short range, which means that a neutron must pass close to a nucleus for an interaction to take place. These atomic interactions generate protons, alpha particles, and other nuclear fragments, along with gamma radiation. Because of the small size of the nucleus in relation to the atom as a whole, neutrons have a low probability of interaction and thus are very penetrating. Depending on their energy, they can travel up to several tens of centimeters through tissue (IARC 2000). Water (in nuclear reactors) and thick concrete (in particle accelerators) typically are used as shielding, because interactions with hydrogen nuclei (single protons, which are similar in mass to neutrons) are most effective at reducing neutron energy.
Neutrons cause ionization in biological tissue through elastic collisions with the nuclei of atoms composing tissue molecules. In collisions of neutrons with the hydrogen nuclei of water (the major component of the human body), the recoiling hydrogen nuclei (charged protons) are the source of ionizing events. Elastic collisions of high-energy neutrons (over 50 MeV) with larger nuclei, such as those of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and calcium atoms, result in violent interactions that produce many low-energy charged particles. Because the masses of protons and the other recoiling nuclei are much greater than the mass of an electron, neutron radiation generates a dense ion path, causing more damage to tissue than a similar dose of X-rays or gamma rays. Neutrons therefore are considered high-LET radiation. With each collision, about half of the neutron’s energy is given to the proton. As the neutron loses energy, it slows down until it is absorbed into the nucleus of an atom, which often makes the absorbing atom radioactive (IARC 2000, Busby 2001).
Uses
Neutron radiation is used less than other types of radiation in industry, medicine, and research. Neutron radiation has not been used widely for medical purposes, because it has not shown clear therapeutic benefits, compared with conventional radiotherapy. However, there has been renewed interest in fast-neutron therapy for some cancers (Britten et al. 2001, Forman et al. 2002). Current medical uses of neutrons include external beam therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, and production of radioisotopes used in medical diagnosis and cancer therapy. Neutron sources are used in oil-well logging and to induce chain reactions in nuclear reactors. Other uses include neutron activation analysis and radiography (for determination of the elemental composition and moisture content of various materials), sterilization of materials, radiometric dating of rocks, and scientific and engineering research (ATSDR 1999, IARC 2000, Lowy et al. 2001).
Carcinogenicity
Neutrons are known to be a human carcinogen based on studies on their mechanisms of carcinogenesis, which demonstrated that neutrons cause genetic damage in humans similar to that caused by Xradiation and gamma radiation, induce chromosomal aberrations in humans, and produce gamma radiation when they interact with biological materials. In addition, there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
