Description
TNF-α is a cytokine and a member of the TNF/TNF receptor (TNFR) cytokine superfamily.1 TNF-α is produced as a 233-amino acid transmembrane precursor protein from which mature, soluble TNF-α is formed by proteolysis.2 Soluble TNF-α is a 157-amino acid polypeptide, cleaved from the precursor protein on the extracellular side of the membrane, that forms bell-shaped homotrimers with the C-termini at the base, each containing three receptor interaction sites.3 It is primarily produced by activated macrophages but can also be produced by a variety of other cells, such as T cells, natural killer cells, and osteoblasts.3,4 TNF-α binds to and activates its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are associated with intracellular protein complexes that activate caspases to induce cell death, induce p38 MAPK signaling, and initiate NF-κB or AP-1-mediated transcription of immune and inflammatory mediators.5 TNF-α promotes inflammation partly by inducing endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules, COX enzymes, and pro-coagulant factors.4 Exogenous TNF-α induces death of cancer cells in vitro, as well as disrupts tumor vascularization and induces necrosis in vivo, but it has tumor promoting properties when produced in the cancer microenvironment.6,1 In contrast, it plays a role in resistance to infection, with mice lacking Tnf having an increased susceptibility to certain microbial infections but lacking resistance to leishmania.5 Tnf knockout mice are also resistant to certain types of cancer, including chemically induced skin carcinogenesis.1 TNF-α increases lung metastases in a mouse model of fibrosarcoma, an effect that can be reduced by an anti-TNF-α antibody. Mice overexpressing Tnf develop an arthritis similar to rheumatoid arthritis in humans.7 TNF-α is produced in the inflamed tissues of patients with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and neutralizing antibodies to TNF-α reduce the levels of TNF-α in vitro and in mouse models of the disease.4 Cayman’s Soluble TNF-α (mouse, recombinant) protein can be used for cell-based assay applications. This protein consists of 157 amino acids and has a calculated molecular weight of 17 kDa.WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.
