1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

Description

1-Palmitoyl-d₉-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC by GC- or LC-MS. 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC is the ubiquitous lipid species generated following phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine.¹ It increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at a concentration of 125 μM.² 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC potentiates the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated M1 macrophages, but has no effect on CD163, CD206, CD36, or IL-10 in LPS-stimulated M2 macrophages when used at concentrations of 0.3 and 1.0 μM.³ It increases TGF-β1 production and enhances Foxp3 protein levels in T_reg cells in isolated human peripheral blood when used at a concentration of 10 μM.⁴ 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC enhances neutrophil function, bacterial clearance, and survival in mouse models of sepsis when administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg.⁵

Uses

1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine-d9 is the deuterium labeled 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine[1].

References

1. Balsinde, J., Winstead, M.V., and Dennis, E.A. Phospholipase A₂ regulation of arachidonic acid mobilization FEBS Lett. 531(1),2-6(2002).
2. Choi, S., Park, S., Liang, G.H., et al. Superoxide generated by lysophosphatidylcholine induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase downregulation in human endothelial cells Cell Physiol. Biochem. 25(2-3),233-240(2010).
3. Qin, X., Qiu, C., and Zhao, L. Lysophosphatidylcholine perpetuates macrophage polarization toward classically activated phenotype in inflammation Cell. Immunol. 289(1-2),185-190(2014).
4. Hasegawa, H., Lei, J., Matsumoto, T., et al. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances the suppressive function of human naturally occurring regulatory T cells through TGF-β production Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 415(3),526-531(2011).
5. Yan, J.-J., Jung, J.-S., Lee, J.-E., et al. Therapeutic effects of lysophosphatidylcholine in experimental sepsis Nat. Med. 10(2),161-167(2004).