Description
Dipentene is a terpene liquid existing in many kinds of volatile oils including cardamon, mace, nutmeg and turpentine oil. Dipentene mainly consists of Limonene, beta-Phellandrene, Myrcene and other terpenes. It can be used as the solvent for rosin, waxes, rubber. It can also be used as a dispersing agent of oils, resins, paints, varnishes as well as in floor waxes and furniture polishes. Other major applications also include: (1) as a perfumery compositions in soaps, personal care products and cosmetics. (2) as the intermediate of terpene resins, carvone and terylene. (3) as a substitute of chlorinated solvents in degreasing metals for cleaning. (4) as the staring material for terpene resin synthesis. (5) as a gallstone solubilizer in pharmaceutical industry.
Application
Currently, (+)-Dipentene is used in cleaning liquids, cosmetics, flavorings, and many other consumer products. In the food industry, limonene is considered as generally regarded as safe (GRAS) material, so under the regulations it is used as a food perseverative as well as a popular food additive to provide a citrus flavor. (+)-Dipentene has also been studied as an antimicrobial agent, for use in chemotherapy against cancers (Vigushin et al., 1998), and as an antioxidant (Singh et al., 2010).
The main challenges in using (+)-Dipentene as a coating include degradation under oxidative conditions and its hydrophobicity, which negatively impacts dispersion in water (Li and Chiang, 2012). Regarding the latter point, the low concentrations required to achieve dispersal in water reduces its antimicrobial efficacy. So while limonene shows great potential as a protective food agent, its chemistry limits applicability as a coating using published approaches.
Industrial Uses
• Agriculture
Studies have shown that (+)-Dipentene has anti-insect[2], antibacterial[3].In addition, the study found that there was a correlation between the changes in the content of terpenes in pine trees and the damage of Pinus tabulaeformis.Limonene reduced the attraction of T. piniperda to attractant-baited traps and trap logs[4].Encapsulating blueberries with monolayer liposomes containing D-limonene can prevent fruit rot and spoilage caused by Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium, E. coli, Listeria, etc[1].
•Pharmaceutical industry
Studies have shown that (+)-Dipentene has anti-inflammatory, pain-reducing, cancer prevention and treatment effects[5]. (+)-Dipentene inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells and suppressed the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice. Expression of apoptosis and autophagy-related genes were increased in tumors after treatment with (+)-Dipentene. Furthermore, the use of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, and knockdown of the atg5 gene, suppressed the apoptosis induced by (+)-Dipentene[6].
(+)-Dipentene has a special effect on the calculus in human body. In 1974, it was tested by various medicines such as Fifty King of Japan. It was found that the ability of D-limonene to dissolve cholesterol stones far exceeds sodium cholate, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. And chloroform, ether's lytic stone effect is similar.
•Daily Supplies
(+)-Dipentenecan be used directly as a flavoring agent or as a basic raw material for the synthesis of other perfumes.For example: household cleaning and care products (hand sanitizer, floor cleaner, carpet cleaner, kitchen degreaser, fragrance, etc.).(+)-Dipentene can also be added to food as a flavoring agent, antioxidant, etc.As a flavoring agent,(+)-Dipentene can also be used as a green extractant and air cleaner[7].(+)-Dipentene can be used to produce degreasing and degreasing fabric additives.
References
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Dipentene#section=Top
https://foreverest.cn/products/turpentine-derivatives/dipentene-natural-95.html
Chemical Properties
Dipentene is a terpene clear liquid found in various volatile oils such as cardamon, mace, nutmeg , turpentine oil. Dipentene is mainly composed of limonene, beta phellandrene, myrcene and other terpenes. It is used as a solvent for resins, alkyds and waxes and to make paints, enamels, lacquers and polishes.
Occurrence
Found in a very large number of oils, including oils of lemongrass, citronella, palmarosa, cardamon and bergamot, Siberian pine needle oil and several other essential oils including turpentine oils of various origin (Guenther, 1949).
Uses
Dipentene (Limonene) is a monoterpene olefin having potential applications in polymer and fuel chemistry. It is also widely used as flavoring and fragrance agent. Dipentene (limonene) is a promising green solvent. Kinetics of the reactions of limonene with OH and OD radicals has been investigated in a low pressure flow tube reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
Preparation
Dipentene is a by-product in the manufacture of terpineol and in various synthetic products made from α-pinene or turpentine oil (Arctander, 1969). Dipentene is mainly composed of terpene hydrocarbons. because of its refreshing pine, lime aroma and low cost, dipentene is mainly used as cost effective ingredient for household products.
Definition
ChEBI: Spermine is a polyazaalkane that is tetradecane in which the carbons at positions 1, 5, 10 and 14 are replaced by nitrogens. Spermine has broad actions on cellular metabolism. It has a role as an antioxidant, an immunosuppressive agent and a fundamental metabolite. It is a polyazaalkane and a tetramine. It is a conjugate base of a spermine(4+).
